60 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



mains distinctly visible (e.g., in the genus Cebus). Moreover, 

 Hyrtl has pointed out that in the Hottentot skull the two 

 bones are either partially, or completely, grown together, and 

 this affords sufficient proof that its divided state cannot be 

 peculiar to man. Virchow takes the catarrhine construction of 

 the nose to betoken a low race ; by catarrhine construction is 

 understood that state wherein the nasal bone is not connected 

 with the frontal bone by a more or less broad, transverse 

 sutura, but tapers to an end, as in the gorilla and orang, in 

 the form of small ' narrow laminae generally grown together. 

 This construction of the nasal bone is common among the 

 Malays but is rarely .observed among other nations. In man 

 the lower edge of the nasal cavity generally terminates 

 in a sharp point, called the nasal spine, whereas in the 

 anthropoids the lower edges are blunt and the nasal spine is 

 absent. Exceptions are found, however, among the markedly 

 prognathous European and negro races ; here the edges of the 

 nasal cavity slope gradually away and on either side two low 

 ridges are seen, between which runs a shallow prenasal fossa. 



The malar bone (cheek-bone), which in the lower mammals 

 is simply a narrow ridge and in the carnivora a wide arch, 

 broadens in man and the apes into a solid arched plate with 

 processes to the temporal and frontal bones and the upper jaw 

 bone ; in the anthropoids, it has a much broader span than in 

 man owing to the greater development of the masticatory 

 muscles. 



The maxillary joint, the quadrate bone of amphibians, 

 reptiles and birds, is in man as in all the other mammals a 

 temporal joint, and the condyloid process possesses the character 

 of a transverse cylinder. In many mammals the two halves of 

 the lower jaw-bone remain divided throughout life, but they 

 unite into one solid bone in man, in the walrus, sloth, camel, 

 pachydermata, ungulates, bats and apes. In the anthropoids 

 the lower jaw is far more strongly developed than in man, 

 proportionately to their greater masticatory muscles. 



In all the higher orthognathous races the jaws, upper and 

 lower, form an equilateral triangle, the breadth being to the 

 length as 100 : 100. On the other hand, in all the lower, 

 prognathous races, as well as in the anthropoids, the jaws 



