78 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



great value in comparing the upper limbs of man with those of 

 the anthropoids. Taking the stature at 100, the length of the 

 arm together with the hand is : 



In the gorilla . . . 64*9 

 ,, chimpanzee . . 67'6/ 

 orang . . 8072 



man . 45-16-45-43 



Again, given the stature at 100, the length of the hand is : 



In man . . . . i r6 



the gorilla . . 17-4 



orang . .22 



chimpanzee . -23 



Hence we see that relatively to his stature man has the 

 shortest arm and the shortest hand. 



No less striking and equally valuable as distinctive characters 

 are the differences between the lower extremities. With re- 

 spect to the human femur it is much longer than the anthro- 

 poid, and is much more extended in the hip-joint (see Figs. 35 

 and 36). The trochanter tertius for the insertion of the muse, 

 gluteus maximus is absent in the anthropoids, but it cannot 

 be regarded as peculiar to man since it is found also in the 

 horse, ass, rhinoceros, tapir, certain rodents, and some other 

 mammals. Moreover the trochanter tertius is not uniform in 

 all races of man, being more markedly developed in the higher 

 races, though, strange to say, it is to be found even in the man of 

 the reindeer period, 1 in whom also the characteristic curve of the 

 shaft of the femur was already present. The femur discovered 

 by Dubois in Java, which gave rise to so much discussion as to 

 whether it had belonged to a man, or an ape, or to some inter- 

 mediate being, led to the inevitable inquiry as to what con- 

 stituted the distinctive signs of the human femur anatomically 

 and histologically. In the following paragraph I give Bumtiller's 

 (Das Menschliche Femur, Inaug.-Dissertat., Augsburg) definition 

 of the differences between the human and anthropoid femur 

 (hylobates excepted). 



The human femur is not only longer but thinner and more 



1 Houze, " Le troisieme trochanter de 1'homme et des animaux ". Bulletin 

 Soc, Anthr. de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1893. 



