CRANIAL NERVES AND SENSE-ORGANS 255 



siology this sense has found and will find no place. Lubbock 

 and Romanes have investigated the problem most energeti- 

 cally. They have both made researches with those insects 

 which have been most persistently credited with a sense of 

 direction, and both came to the same conclusion that there was 

 absolutely no proof of its existence. Experiments with bees 

 and ants showed that when they were taken various distances 

 from their dwelling-places only a fraction of them found their 

 way home again provided the neighbourhood was unfamiliar. 

 Like the homing-pigeon, these bees flew round and round at a 

 height to obtain their direction, and those which reached home 

 took an unconscionably long time on the journey. In con- 

 sequence of these experiments the fabulous accounts of the 

 sense of direction in other animals up to the higher mammals 

 may come under criticism. All these animals find their way 

 home provided that in their orienting casts they strike a point 

 which they have seen before, otherwise they fail. 



Organic (visceral) sensations and general sensations, feelings, 



emotions. 



" That which we term emotion does not refer like percep- 

 tions and ideas to consciousness of the external world, but to the 

 conditions of our personal existence, to sufferings and activities 

 of the ego (material mi). This feeling is purely subjective " 

 (Wundt). All sensory nerves can transmit impressions of pain 

 as well as tactile pressure and temperature sensations, thus set- 

 ting up reflex movements by arousing feelings of disgust. Divi- 

 sion of the sensory cranial nerves and the grey substance of the 

 spinal cord inhibits the sensation of pain from the parts supplied 

 by the corresponding sensory nerves. 



There is no pain sensibility in the lungs, the brain (except 

 in the membranes), and the parietal peritoneum. Organic 

 sensations and the sense of movement are derived from the 

 muscles, tendons and joints. 



The emotions have been hitherto very little investigated. 

 Erotic emotions are aroused by psychical or physical influences 

 on the genitalia; the sense of tickling by light, unexpected 

 touches, especially upon the delicate tactile-sense areas of the 

 skin (lips, nostrils and soles of the feet) ; shivering by sudden 



