284 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



dancing, 1 especially all species of cranes, grouse (Pediocaetes 

 phasianellus), a heron (Ardea herodias), the vulture of South 

 America and the bower-bird of Australia. The shouts of 

 children at play, their action-plays, hunting and fighting games 

 can be paralleled in modified form by many classes of animals 

 and birds. 



" Our own play," as Wundt says,- " is merely an imitation of 

 the actions of everyday life stripped of its original purpose, 

 and resulting in pleasurable emotion. The play of animals 

 bears the same relation to the play of man as animal life does 

 to human life. . . . Though it is true that play is an indication 

 of high mental development and brings the animal nearer to 



FIG. 130. Expression 

 FIG. 129. Chimpanzee undeceived and an- of grief. (Darwin, 



noyed. (Darwin, Expression of the Expression of the 



Emotions.) Emotions.) 



ourselves than any other activity, it is rather the fact that it plays 

 than the nature of the play itself which is the important point." 



Expressions of displeasure, like those of pleasure, are often 

 conveyed in surprisingly similar fashion by man and the higher 

 animals. Dejection is shown in man by dropping the jaw, 

 making a long face and pulling down the mouth. Young 

 orangs and chimpanzees during illness express their wretched- 

 ness by apathetic movements, a limp appearance and dull eyes r 

 very similar to the manner of dogs and horses. 



Orangs and chimpanzees in a bad temper push out the lower 



1 Danvin, loc. cit., ii., p. 74. 



2 Wundt, Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology, London, 1896, p. 358. 



