PSYCHOLOGY 285 



lip just like children and adults and look on the ground with 

 knit eyebrows. Ill-tempered dogs lie curled up and betray 

 their temper by snarling when any one comes near to disturb 

 them. 



A human peculiarity, not so far observed in any animal, is 

 the expression of sorrow, or -grief, which consists in wrinkling 

 up the forehead by contraction of the central portion of the 

 frontalis muscle with a sad heavy look in the eyes (Fig. 130). 



Fright and dread are evinced in almost identical ways in 

 man and beast, by a rapid action of the heart, trembling of the 

 muscles, an open mouth with quivering lips and dilated pupils. 

 If the fear increases to terror the eyes stare, the brows contract, 

 the hair stands on end and the 

 sphincters of the bladder and rec- 

 tum are relaxed (children, dogs, 

 cats and apes). 



Physical pain causes men and 

 animals to cry out in anguish with 

 widely opened mouth, and often 

 also doubling up of the body, the 

 skin of the head and face grows 

 red, the eyes suffuse and fill with 

 tears which roll down the cheeks 

 if the pain continues (Fig. 131). 



Lachrymal glands secreting a FlG - '3 1 - . B y, c jying- (Darwin, 



Expression of the Emotions.) 



fluid to moisten the cornea and 



conjunctiva do not really exist in the crocodile whose tears 

 have made him notorious, but they are present in all mammals 

 except the whale. Tereg * is mistaken in describing increased 

 lachrymation as confined to man. Wounded dolphins raise 

 their voices in the death-struggle, making dreadful groans in 

 their agony, and sometimes great tear-drops roll from their eyes.- 

 Surely these tears must be a psychical manifestation. Tennent 

 too puts this beyond all doubt in his description of the con- 

 duct of captive, but otherwise unwounded, elephants in Ceylon : 

 " Many of them after a few strenuous efforts to release themselves 

 lie motionless on the ground, and their tears alone which spring 

 unbidden to their eyes tell us what they are suffering ". That 



1 Ellenberger, loc. cit., ii., p. 478. 2 Brehm, loc. cit., ii., p. 835. 



