PSYCHOLOGY 287 



out the whole Malay peninsula, among the New Zealanders, 

 Australians, Papuans, Tahitians, Somalis and Eskimos. 



It is incomprehensible, according to Turkheim, who denies 

 this power to them, that animals separated from their com- 

 panions, or their master, should mope and refuse their food. 

 Still there is overwhelming evidence of the fact they do show 

 their grief in this manner. Any one who owns animals knows 

 how dogs and horses when they change owners will fret for 

 days over the separation ; it is well known too that if one of a 

 pair of love-birds dies the other will almost invariably follow 

 suit in a short time. I myself can vouch for the fact that a 

 crested cockatoo who was sold by its mistress touched no food 

 from that hour and was dead in two days. 



Tiirkheim's repudiation of these well -authenticated facts is 

 part and parcel of his belittling of the animal mind which allows 

 him to deny also their powers of expressing dislike. He denies 

 that animals possess any self-consciousness because they must 

 lack those characteristic attributes with which it is associated, 

 namely, envy, jealousy, malice and hate. As it can be proved, 

 however, that these qualities are not wanting in the higher 

 animals, especially those that are trained, so he must logically 

 allow that they have a consciousness of self. 



Envy and jealousy, although men rarely betray these feelings 

 outwardly, may be vividly expressed by domestic animals (dogs 

 and horses) and by apes and parrots when some other animal 

 is caressed in their presence, or given some dainty morsel. In- 

 stances can be seen any day of this where the favoured animal 

 is attacked with fierce yelps. Dogs can express pleasure at the 

 misfortunes of others, as for instance when another dog is beaten 

 or when they bark scornfully at some beggar man. The chas- 

 tisement of others seems often to afford them keen pleasure and 

 they accompany the spectacle with loud barking. 



Anger can be expressed not only by the higher animals but 

 even by many of the lower classes. Amphibians and reptiles 

 when angry inflate their bodies, birds ruffle up their feathers, 

 mammals bristle up their hair, horses and cats lay back their 

 ears : but all animals capable of producing noises make use of 

 them when roused to anger : snakes hiss, jar and rattle, storks 

 clatter their beaks, rabbits stamp on the ground, and all animals 



