302 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



a chieftain, he having undertaken the duty of directing their 

 internal affairs and leading them to battle with other tribes. 

 The combination of one or more of these tribes, whose regula- 

 tions are more or less lax, produces the state with its rules : 

 and while the so-called insect-states always reproduce in sub- 

 sequent generation the old arrangements instinctively acquired, 

 human-states constantly change their regulations and their 

 constitution according to external conditions and the internal 

 motives of state policy, varying between oligarchy, monarchy 

 and republic. It is also well to remember that the differences 

 between the rights and duties of the individuals in human- 

 states are based upon inherited, or acquired possessions, and 

 upon the standard of intelligence. In animal-states the differ- 

 ences depend upon sexual distinctions and secondary sexual 

 characteristics. 



A characteristic wholly confined to the human race has 

 been commented on by Homes, 1 namely, the deep attachment 

 to the fatherland and nation. This attachment is dependent 

 on the language or mother-tongue, which is the chief bond 

 which unites men together or serves as a barrier to keep them 

 apart, and so becomes the mother of the nation. 



There are many more points of resemblance between the 

 social lives of animals and men. A striking instance is the 

 migration-impulse (Wandertrieb) which comes upon many 

 Vertebrates and Invertebrates at definite seasons. The most 

 familiar example of emigration and colonisation is that of the 

 bees swarming under the leadership of a queen ; many other 

 insects (butterflies, Orthoptera, Diptera and Neuroptera) collect, 

 in millions perhaps, to migrate over lands, rivers and arms of 

 the sea, partly in voluntary flights, partly driven by the wind. 

 Compact shoals of fish approach at spawning time to the river 

 or sea-shores ; the young of many birds wander in great flocks 

 from place to place until the breeding season is over, when in 

 company with their parents and kindred they turn south again. 

 Lemmings and rats are from time to time seized by an irre- 

 sistible impulse to unite and travel in some definite direction 

 over land and water. In South Africa herds of springbok, 

 followed by beasts of prey, join by thousands in a general 



1 Homes, Urgesch. der Menschheit, Wien, 1892, p. 105. 



