340 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



An aphide with a particularly long proboscis (Lachnus 

 longirostris) attaches itself to the young shoots of trees in the 

 interior of which the tree ants (Lasius fuliginosus and Lasius 

 brunneus) make their galleries, by which they can reach their 

 cattle, the aphides. Where no aphides exist, as in the tropics,, 

 certain small sorts of locusts take their place, and are milked in 

 the same way by the ants. 



There are still considerable differences between the various 

 authorities as to the time when men first began to domesticate 

 animals. Woldrich and Piette, for instance, consider that 

 domestic animals were kept even in antediluvian times, and 

 that the men of that period, whom we know only as fishers 

 and hunters, had already tamed the reindeer and kept him in 

 herds, with the help of the two antediluvian dogs (Canis 

 Mickii Woldr. and Canis intermedius Woldr.). 1 Woldrich bases 

 his hypothesis on the fact that the reindeer bones found in the 

 cave of Gudenus in South Austria belong to a small species. 

 There is, however, no proof that this small species were tame r 

 for differences in size exist in many of the wild deer. 



Against the view that the antediluvian reindeer were tamed 

 is the fact that in the reindeer strata entire skeletons are 

 seldom, or never, found. This shows that the palaeolithic man 

 hunted the reindeer, and scattered them from place to place. 

 Woldrich also maintains the possibility of the ox and horse 

 having been tamed and domesticated, as well as the reindeer 

 and dog. As far as the ox is concerned, there are no traces 

 of this. Nor is it possible to suppose that the horse was tamed, 

 unless we imagine that foals, taken after the mares had been 

 killed and brought into human settlements, were entirely 

 reared in the companionship of the human children. Band- 

 like streaks have been found on the foreheads of many of the 

 wild horses in prehistoric pictures, which have been taken for 

 some sort of bridle. But all this stands on the very slightest 

 foundation, as these animals which can only have been kept 

 for pleasure, as is the case among all savage races, are certainly 

 not indoor pets. 



It is only the transitional period between the two Stone 

 Ages that provides any sure indications of a commence- 

 ment, and it was the dog that the hunter and fisherman of 



1 For dog ancestry, vide Flower and Lydekker's Mammals. 



