FIELDS AND GARDENS 343 



its polished stone tools, are found not only broken stones of 

 plums and cherries (which Piette considers were cultivated), 

 but also the earliest specimens of grains of corn, of which no 

 traces have ever been found of an earlier date. This shows 

 that man must have had at this time settled abodes, as other- 

 wise it is impossible to suppose that he could have cultivated 

 fields or gardens. The tendency to a fixed habitation must 

 have become stronger in each successive period, for, from the 

 dwellings on land and water which have been explored, there 

 are unmistakable signs of considerable neolithic husbandry, 

 especially from the pile-dwellings, though like evidences can 





FIG. 169. Goat-like sheep. (Graubiinden.) 



be found in the huts on land. Heer, the botanist, has accur- 

 ately classified the remains of household food-stuffs which have 

 been found in the pile-dwellings. 



Among field crops he found ordinary wheat, and six- and 

 two-rowed barley and millet (Fig. 170). Among fruits, two 

 kinds of apples (a wild apple and a cultivated one), pears, 

 cherries and plums ; and among plants used for spinning, flax. 

 Besides these were grape-stones and poppy seeds. Other field 

 crops, such as oats and rye, were only cultivated later by 

 Europe 3 n races ; even the sorts named above were probably 

 introduced into Europe by newcomers during the neolithic 

 period. The men of this period had no metal tools or instruments 



