GENERAL PATHOLOGY 383 



feet are found also in certain dogs (e.g., Newfoundlands), and by 

 heredity have given rise to whole races. It is still more re- 

 markable that this abnormality may also occur in fowls, for 

 example the Polish fowls which Darwin describes ( ]^ariations 

 in Plants and Animals))- 



Finally, Forster includes in this class the hermaphrodites. 

 A priori it would seem more correct to include individuals 

 possessing both male and female sexual organs in the category 

 of those with redundant development, and not of those in 

 which development is impaired. The history of_ development 

 shows^Jiowever^ that in all metazoa both sexual organs are 

 originally_presf:nt, anTTthat^ with the exception of the normally 

 hermaphrodite animals, one sex is developed at the expense of 

 the_otijer,_aftr a certain period of embryonic life. I have, 

 however, shown elsewhere, that the undeveloped organs are 

 always present in a latent condition. When this fact is re- 

 membered it will be seen that hermaphrodism is in reality an 

 arrest of the process by which one or other of the sexual organs 

 is suppressed or atrophied. 



Cesare Taruffi, to whom we owe a new and excellent ex- 

 position of this difficult subject, 2 has formulated two main 

 divisions, one that of the true anatomical hermaphrodites, and 

 the second that of the clinical or external pseudo-herma- 

 phrodites. Anatomical hermaphrodites may be considered as 

 genuine when both sexual glands are present in the same in- 

 dividual. This is always rare, but occurs in man and also in 

 other mammals, in birds, in batrachians, and other amphibia 

 and in fishes. Another class of true hermaphrodites is that 

 called by Taruffi atrophic or neutral. In these the glands are 

 rudimentary and sex indeterminate ; examples occur in man, 

 dogs, goats and cattle. The third class or false hermaphrodites 

 comprises men with female appearance due to persistence of 

 the Miillerian ducts, and women with a masculine appearance 

 due to persistence of the Wolffian bodies. Taruffi cites as 

 examples among animals a lamb, some hares and a stag, eight 

 swine, eight calves, an ass, two sheep, four goats, several horses, 

 a bitch, a steer, an ox, a ram and a newt. 



1 Darwin, loc. cit., iii., p. 288. 



2 Cesare Taruffi, Hermaphroditisnnts und Zeugungsunfdhigkeit, Berlin, 1903. 



