384 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



The cases of clinical hermaphrodism are not less numerous. 

 Among these are classed the men with female appearance, 

 character and breasts, and women with masculine appearance, 

 hypertrophy of the clitoris and beards. The cases of men 

 with female breasts (gynaecomastia) are fairly common ; this is 

 not to be wondered at if we assume with Darwin that the male 

 mammary glands- are^ot Tudimentary but merely imperfectly 

 developed, and so not functionally active organs. On the other 

 hand, the accounts of men and male animals with glands which 

 were capable of lactation should be received with extreme 

 caution. In the first place, certain male animals may be ex- 

 cluded, which after castration developed large nipples and 

 eventually secreted milk, as these do not come under the 

 category of deformities. Setting these on one side, there still 

 remains a very small number of genuine cases in which 

 men after their wives have fallen ill have suckled their 

 children. These cases have been collected in Ploss-BartePs 

 great work, Das Weib, and include a peasant in Arenas in New 

 Andalusia (Al. v. Humboldt), an Ojibbaway Indian (Wenzel 

 Gruber), and a Greek master shipbuilder (Ornstein). An 

 analogous case in the animal world has not been demonstrated. 



Taruffi includes in a special division of clinical herma- 

 phrodism urethro-genital deformities which often give rise to 

 doubts as to the sex of human beings and animals. On the 

 one hand, men with a divided scrotum cryptorchis and a small 

 hypospadic penis may be mistaken for women, and, on the 

 other hand, a large clitoris may simulate a male penis. Many 

 such cases are illustrated in veterinary journals, and attested 

 by the original specimens, which though called pseudo-herma- 

 phrodites are merely deformities caused by hypospadias. 



In all the phenomena hitherto described as anatomical and 

 clinical hermaphrodism, analogous examples may be found in 

 men and animals. 



In one matter, however, man has a monopoly which is 

 hardly creditable to himself, namely, in what is known as 

 sexual perversion. -Actual homo-sexuals (Krafft-Ebing) appear 

 not to exist among animals. TJie__aJtempls__of--dgs- with-dogs 

 and cows with cows are_noL_xiue to- any. inveterate, inborn 

 homo-sexuality, but merely to a foolish eroticism wrnch dis- 



