4 io THE HUMAN SPECIES 



Schmidt observed that fatty degeneration of the kidneys has 

 been found in a wolf, and atrophy of the kidney in a macaque 

 (Inuus cynomolgus). 



Inflammations of the pelvis of the kidney going on to sup- 

 puration (pyelitis) are usually caused, as in man, by the irritation 

 of a calculus, or retained urine (dogs, horses, cattle). 



Movable kidney, which is much more frequent, especially 

 in women, than movable liver or spleen, does not appear to 

 have ever been observed in animals ; at any rate I have found 

 no note of the condition in the literature. 



Haematuria, which is especially common among ruminants, 

 depends on disease either in the kidneys or bladder. Catarrh 

 of the bladder in horses, cattle and dogs results usually from 

 retention of urine, which may be due to a calculus, or to 

 stenosis of the urinary passage at any point. 



Diseases of the genital organs mainly fall within the domain 

 of surgery (hypertrophy of the prostate, phimosis and para- 

 phimosis). Among internal diseases may be placed catarrh of 

 the vagina and the mucous membrane of the uterus, while puer- 

 peral fever, from which female domestic animals and those kept 

 in zoological gardens frequently suffer, must be included among 

 the infectious diseases. 



Diseases of the Organs of Locomotion. Acute articular 

 rheumatism has been already mentioned among the infectious, 

 the greater number of the remaining diseases of the organs of 

 locomotion are considered under surgical diseases. Only a few, 

 therefore, remain for discussion in this place. 



Among idiopathic diseases of the muscles, muscular rheuma- 

 tism, which occurs in horses, dogs and cattle, and less frequently 

 in sheep and swine, is etiologically closely related to the disease 

 as seen in man. 



Further analogies are found in certain bone diseases which 

 only come under the care of the surgeon when considerable de- 

 formity or destruction of the bone has occurred. Rickets, a 

 disease of infancy, which is said to begin frequently in fcetal life, 

 consists in alterations in the growth of the bones, due to inflam- 

 mation and to delayed ossification ; it affects not only the long 

 bones, but also the bones of the pelvis, spinal column, ribs and 

 skull. Young dogs and pigs especially suffer from the lesions 



