412 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



cattle, sheep and swine, and Schmidt has recognised the same 

 conditions in various beasts of prey. Meningitis is not infre- 

 quent in apes, horses, cattle, dogs, swine, sheep and goats, and 

 in all animals tumours of the brain may be found similar to 

 those in man. Swine, sheep, cattle and horses when running 

 close together in herds, or when packed in carts, may suffer 

 from sunstroke or heatstroke, especially the latter. Cases of 

 bulbar paralysis, with the same progressive and fatal course as 

 in man, and the same pathological findings (atrophy of the bul- 

 bar nerve roots), have been noted in horses. 



Horses and dogs are especially liable to inflammation of 

 the spinal cord and its membranes, generally in a chronic form. 

 Sarcoma, glioma, myxoma and other neoplasms of the cord 

 may be diagnosed during life in various domestic animals. 



Peripheral nerve palsies occur in various domestic animals, 

 and have the same causation as in man, namely, pressure, at- 

 mospheric influences and infectious diseases. Single or double 

 facial paralysis is frequent in horses, rarer in cattle and dogs. 

 Single or double paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve is frequent 

 in horses and dogs ; paralysis of the masseters and temporal 

 muscles, due to lesions of the third (motor) division of the fifth, is 

 not unusual in dogs and cats, but is less common in horses and 

 cattle. 



Horses may suffer from paralysis of the pharynx and 

 gullet due to disease of the ninth and tenth cranial nerves ; 

 unilateral laryngeal paralysis in horses depends on lesions of 

 the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus ; paralysis of the 

 sphincter muscle of the bladder in dogs depends on disease of 

 the centre lying in the upper part of the fifth lumbar segment of 

 the cord. 



Muscular paralysis in the upper extremities in man, conse- 

 quent on lesions of certain motor nerves, occurs in exactly the 

 same way in animals. Paralysis of the shoulder-blade muscles 

 in horses and cattle is caused by disease of the nerves arising 

 from the cervical plexus (suprascapular nerves) ; lesions of 

 the brachial plexus in horses and dogs cause paralysis of all the 

 motor nerves arising from it, among which the paralysis of the 

 radial nerve is especially met with in horses and cows. Par- 

 alysis, complete or partial, of the posterior extremities in cattle, 



