INTERNAL DISEASES 415 



but he admits that those psychical disturbances in animals which 

 are not due to hydrophobia manifest a very similar sort of mania. 

 Lindsay describes many cases of acute mania in elephants, 

 horses and dogs. When, at certain times in the year, elephants 

 go mad, and become dangerous to man, their condition may be 

 compared to the " running amok " of the Malayans. Similar 

 acute disturbances occur in horses and dogs. In the latter, all 

 cases of extreme excitement and madness after bites are not 

 due to hydrophobia ; the bites of such dogs are harmless to 

 man. There are no pathological or anatomical findings to 

 explain these conditions we have to fall back on surmises. 

 When, however, Lindsay, on the authority of Lord Royston, 

 mentions certain psychical disturbances in fish, manifested by 

 their swimming round and round in circles, we can only suppose 

 that these fishes had some parasitic affection in the brain. 

 Actual examples of mania may be seen when cows and mares 

 during the oestrum drag at their chains with rolling eyes and chat- 

 tering teeth, and finally fall down in tetanic convulsions ; or 

 when sows in their madness devour their own young ones. The 

 converse of this nymphomania is the satyriasis of the male 

 animals (stallions, bulls, bucks, stags), and, according to a wide- 

 spread popular opinion, also the male hares. The moderately 

 careful observer will have no difficulty in diagnosing these condi- 

 tions of morbid excitement from the changed and unnatural 

 behaviour of the animals, and will certainly attribute them to 

 the congestion and unusual excitability of the genital organs. 



Not infrequently a condition of extreme depression is noticed 

 in mares, cattle and swine, accompanied by increasing deficiency 

 of sensation, such as is seen in cases of imbecility in man. 

 This condition, and the corresponding one seen in males, has its 

 pathological and anatomical cause in the effects left on the 

 brain by a previous attack of meningitis. It would, however, be 

 useless to expect to find such a condition in those animals which, 

 after remaining motionless and refusing their food for a few 

 days, die owing to grief at the loss of their liberty, or at separa- 

 tion from a beloved master. 



During an elephant hunt in Ceylon, Tennant 1 saw a captured 

 elephant, after a violent exhibition of rage, quietly He down and 

 1 Brehm's Tierleben, Bd. ii., p. 707. 



