420 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



Nor is there any difference between man and other animals 

 as regards tumours of the rectum and anus. Here, as elsewhere, 

 fibromata, adenomata, sarcomata and carcinomata may occur, 

 and require removal by the surgeon when they threaten health 

 or life. 



Surgery of the Respiratory Organs. Rhinology is not so 

 advanced as regards animals as it is in man. It is limited to 

 the recognition, and removal, of foreign bodies and tumours 

 (polypi, fibromata, etc.) in the nose. 



The so-called rhinoscleroma, which consists of a permanent 

 thickening of the nasal mucous membrane, and the nose itself, 

 following on catarrh, has as yet only been observed in man, 

 and never in animals. 



On the other hand, animals suffer from diseases of the 

 frontal sinuses and antrum of Highmore, such as actinomycosis, 

 tumours and accumulations of fluid or pus. They require 

 similar operations to those performed on man. Horses, owing 

 to their activity in the service of man, are specially liable to 

 these and other diseases of the nose, such as necrosis of the 

 nasal bones and violent haemorrhages. 



Conditions calling for surgical interference, such as foreign 

 bodies, new growths or diphtheritic inflammation of the larynx 

 and trachea in animals, differ in no way from the corresponding 

 eventualities in man. 



Goitres are not so common as in man, but are occasionally 

 seen, especially in carnivora, less often in horses and cattle; 

 they produce the same symptoms, owing to pressure on the 

 trachea, as in man. The extirpation of the goitre is but seldom 

 undertaken, but when complete gives rise to the same cachexia 

 strumipriva, which Kocher first noted in the patients he had 

 operated upon for goitre. 



Accumulations of air or blood in the pleural cavity are due 

 to the same causes in animals as in man ; the latter are caused 

 by penetrating wounds of the chest, or by perforation of a 

 bronchus. In these cases and also in penetrating wounds of 

 the thorax, bad treatment may lead to a collection of pus 

 (pyothorax), which, like the effusions of blood (haemothorax), 

 must be removed by puncture or a cutting operation (horses, 

 dogs, cattle and other animals). 



