4 2 4 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



muscles in animals, such as horses, have nothing to distinguish 

 them from those in man. Wry-neck (torticollis) can be produced, 

 as in man, by paralysis, inflammation, dislocation or fracture 

 of the cervical vertebrae, or contractures of the neck muscles. 

 Lacerations of fasciae and tendons are common in horses as the 

 result of strain ; the least frequent is laceration of the Tendo 

 Achillis, which has only been observed in cows. A pathological 

 peculiarity in horses, corresponding to Dupuytren's contraction in 

 man, is the condition which depends on a congenital or acquired 

 contracture of the flexor tendons of the fore-foot. " Galls " on 

 the joints and tendon sheaths are extremely common in horses, 

 and are analogous to cysts and ganglia in man. On the fore- 

 limb they may occur either on the flexor or extensor tendons ; 

 tumours on the metacarpus are very laming, still more so are 

 those on the fetlock of the hind-leg. 



Dislocations are exactly similar to those in man. Dislocations 

 of the lower jaw occur frequently in carnivora, although they are 

 also met with in horses and swine. Dislocations and separation 

 of vertebrae of the sacroiliac joint and of the symphysis pubis 

 occur in horses, and still more often in cattle. Dislocations of 

 the shoulder-joint are much less frequent. in domestic animals 

 than in man, in whom they are the commonest form of disloca- 

 tion. Owing to its firm fixation by means of ligaments, the 

 so-called fore-arm, the fore-foot and phalanges are still less 

 frequently dislocated ; deformities of the phalanges are, however, 

 not uncommon in horses. Of dislocations of the hinder extremity 

 (corresponding to the lower in man), the hip-joint is only 

 commonly dislocated in cattle and other animals ; in horses it is 

 less frequent. Dislocations of the knee-joint, knee-cap (horses, 

 cattle and dogs) and of the fetlock are very rare. 



In a thesis on the surgical diseases of man attributable to 

 his upright position, P. Albrecht includes spinal curvatures as 

 seldom, or never, met with in animals. It is true that a spine 

 which is supported by four limbs is less easily bent than that of 

 man. 



Lordosis, or dropped back, however, is frequent, and can be 

 seen any day in the larger domestic animals ; scoliosis and 

 kyphosis, moreover, are by no means unknown in horses and 

 cattle. 



