SURGICAL DISEASES 



425 



There are, however, joint deformities which are absolutely 

 confined to man ; these are knock-knee (Genu valgum), bandy 

 legs (Genu varum), and the clubfoot (Pes varus, valgus, equinus, 

 calcaneus and plantaris), (Figs. 208-211). 



No animal suffers from these deformities, which depend on 

 the special structure of the human skeleton. 



On the other hand, fractures occur both in man and in 

 animals as a result, direct or indirect, of the same daily occur- 

 rences. It would take too long either to enumerate them or to 

 mention the animals in which they most commonly occur. 

 Suffice it to say that all known fractures occur from those of 



FIG. 208. 

 Pes varus. 



FIG. 209. 

 Pes valgus. 



FIG. 210. 

 Pes equinus. 



FIG. 211. 

 Calcaneus. 



the skull to those of the bones of the extremities, and are fol- 

 lowed by the same results as to deformity and shortening, ac- 

 cording to the way in which they are treated. The bones of 

 the tail may, however, be fractured, and this is the only point, so 

 far as fractures are concerned, in which man differs from other 

 animals, although it must be remembered that the coccyx may 

 be fractured in man. 



Caries and necrosis of the bones is not even mentioned in 

 the large work of Moller and Frick, and appears to be seldom, 

 if ever, noticed in domestic animals. These two diseases, how- 

 ever, much' more frequently attack animals in zoological 



