426 THE HUMAN SPECIES 



gardens, especially apes and the smaller beasts of prey. It is 

 extremely interesting to find that caries and necrosis may be 

 recognised in the bones of cave bears. Walther found a lumbar 

 vertebra partly destroyed by caries, and two lower jawbones in 

 which exostoses had occurred due to caries arising in the alveoli. 

 He was able to recognise a sequestrum lying within the casing 

 of dead bone in a necrotic humerus from a cave bear. 



3. Diseases of the Higher Sense Organs. 



The pathology and pathological anatomy of the higher sense 

 organs which has attained the rank of a speciality in the case of 

 human medicine, will now be considered as a kind of adjunct to 

 the foregoing sections on special comparative surgery. Although 

 from the anatomical point of view the higher animals may be 

 said to suffer from the same diseases of the nose and ear as 

 man, they have not, for obvious reasons, been made the objects 

 of similar special studies. With regard to diseases of the nose, 

 the short notice given above must suffice, and the chapters on 

 diseases of the ears are equally short and condensed in most 

 veterinary text-books. 



As in man, two forms of inflammation of the external audi- 

 tory meatus, the acute and the chronic, are known (Otitis ex- 

 terna) ; they occur most frequently in dogs, less frequently in 

 horses and other animals. The etiology and symptoms are 

 the same as in man ; and the papillomata, which form a sequel 

 to the chronic form, require the same treatment when diagnosed. 

 Chronic catarrh of the external ear can be diagnosed in horses, 

 but, according to Moller and Frick, inflammation of the middle 

 ear (Otitis media) and labyrinth (Otitis interna) generally re- 

 main untreated and are not recognised till after death. They 

 are the result of Otitis externa, the introduction of foreign bodies, 

 the growth of parasitic organisms or of tuberculosis. 



Veterinary ophthalmology alone has become during the 

 last ten years a well-established speciality, owing to the ease 

 with which the eyes of animals can be examined with the 

 ophthalmoscope ; far-reaching comparisons with pathological 

 conditions in man have thus been established. Dr. H. Moller has 

 published a clear and well-written text-book on veterinary oph- 

 thalmic surgery on which much of what follows here is founded. 



