306 ANIMAL LIFE 



sea, and in some forms these shining appendages are highly 

 developed. In one form (^thoprora) a luminous body cov- 

 ers the end of the nose, like the head-light of an engine. 

 In another (Ipnops) the two eyes themselves are flattened 

 out, covering the whole top of the head, and are luminous 

 in life. Many of these species have excessively large teeth, 

 and some have been known to swallow animals actually 

 larger than themselves. Those which have lantern-like 

 spots have always large eyes. 



The deep-sea fishes, however fantastic, have all near rel- 

 atives among the shore forms. Most of them are degener- 

 ate representatives of well-known species for example, of 

 eels, cod, smelt, grenadiers, sculpin, and flounders. The 

 deep-sea crustaceans and mollusks are similarly related to 

 shore forms. 



The third great subdivision of marine animals is the 

 littoral or shore group, those living in water of moderate 

 depth, never venturing far into the open sea either at the 

 surface or in the depths. This group shades into both 

 the preceding. The individuals of some of the species are 

 excessively local, remaining their life long in tide pools or 

 coral reefs or piles of rock. Others venture far from home, 

 and might well be classed as pelagic. Still others ascend 

 rivers either to spawn (anadromous, as the salmon, shad, 

 and striped bass), or for purposes of feeding, as the robalo, 

 corvina, and other shore-fishes of the tropics. Some live 

 among rocks alone, some in sea-weed, some on sandy shores, 

 some in the surf, and some only in sheltered lagoons. In 

 all seas there are fishes and other marine animals, and 

 each creature haunts the places for which it is fitted. 



