8 DESCRIPTIONS OF PREPARATIONS. 



human carpus, nor in those of Ungulata, Cetacea, Chiroptera, Edentata, 

 Marsupialia, and Monotremata, but only in those of Rodentia, Insectivora, 

 and Simiadae exclusively of the Chimpanzees. As in all mammals, though 

 in no amphibian a single bone, the os unciforme, supports the two outer 

 metacarpals. In this enumeration the ulnar sesamoid bone, or 'os pisiforme,' 

 is not reckoned as a carpal bone, nor any bone of similar function in con- 

 nection with the tendons on the volar side of the hand. 



In Rodentia we find two more bones in the tarsus than in the human 

 subject, the os scaphoid es being double, and an accessory bone present on 

 the inner side of the inner os cuneiforme. 



For general anatomy, Krause, Die Anatomic des Kaninchens, Leipzig, 2nd ed., 

 1884; and T. J. Parker, Zootomy, London, 1884, p. 301. 



For an account of the position of the anticlinal vertebra in the order 

 Rodentia and elsewhere, see Giebel, Beitrage zur Osteologie der Nagethiere, 

 1857, p. 35, or Abhandl., Nat. Verein fur Sachsen und Thuringen, i. p. 223, ibique 

 ritata ; or Die Saugethiere, 2nd ed. 1859, p. 6. 



For the general characteristics of Mammalian vertebrae, see Professor Owen, 

 Descriptive Catalogue of the Osteological Series of the Royal College of Surgeons, 

 vol. i. pp. 7, 8, 1853. 



For the nomenclature of the several elements of a vertebra, ibid. p. xliv. 



For the Pro-atlas of Amniota, see Albrecht. Z. A. iii. 1880 ; and Bull. Mus. 

 Roy. d'Hist. Nat. Belg. ii. 1883. 



For the Osteology of the Rodentia, see Cuvier's Ossemens Fossiles, 2nd ed., 

 1823, vol. v. pt. i. pp. 4, 14, 44. Waterhouse, Mag. Nat. Hist., N. S., vol. iii. 

 1839, A. N. H. 1841, 1842, takes the conformation of the lower jaw and of the 

 anterior portion of the zygomatic arch as furnishing a basis for classifying the order 

 in the three sections, Murina, Hystricina, and Leporina. In Johnston's Physical 

 Atlas, 1856, ad\. 28, he divides the order into four families, Muridae, Sciuridae, 

 Hystricidae, and Leporidae. See H. N. Turner, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 63. J. F. 

 Brandt, Untersuchungen iiber d. craniologisch. Entwickelungstufen der Nager d. 

 Jetztzeit, M&noires de 1' Academic Imp. des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg, ser. vi. 

 torn. vii. pp. 127-336, 1855, laying weight (p. 141) on the form and general contour 

 of the brain-case, the characters of the base of the cranium, the direction of the 

 pterygoid processes, the conformation of the palate with the foramina ma'siva, and 

 of the ossa lacrymalia, divides the order Rodents s. Glires into four suborders, 

 Myomorphi, Sciuromorphi, Hystricomorphi, and Lagomorphi. For later views, see 

 E. R. Alston, P. Z. S. 1875, 1876, and infra, pp. 43-45. 



For the resemblances between the skeleton of the Rodents and that of the 

 Elephant, see Cuvier, /. c. i. pp. 10-12. 



For the differences between the skeleton of the Rodents and that of the Aye 

 Aye, Chiromys Madagascar iensis, see De Blainville, Osteographie, Fasc. iii. 1841 ; 

 Professor Owen, Tr. Z. S. v. 1863, pp. 79-83; Professor Peters, Berlin Abhandl. 

 for 1865, pp. 89-92. 



For the microscopic characters of the teeth of the Rodents, and their classi- 

 ficatory value, see J. Tomes, Ph. Tr. 1850, pp. 553-561, and C. S. Tomes, 

 Manual of Dental Anatomy, pp. 332 and 339. For the resemblance of the 



