510 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



dinally from the base, sometimes folded transversely; fore wings more or less 

 coriaceous, reticulate, or modified in various ways. Orthoptera (Cockroaches, Leaf 

 Insects, Walking Sticks, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Embidae ?). 



* * OLIGONEPHRIA . 



6. Ametabola. Wings none, or four equal and caducous, or unequal similar, 

 with either predominant longitudinal veins or areolate. Corrodentia (White Ants, 

 Psoadae, Mallophaga = Bird-lice). 



7. Ametabola. Wings four, fringed, very narrow, or wanting ; antennae on the 

 vertex ; tarsal claws obsolete ; mandibles setaceous. Thysanoptera (Thrips and its 

 allies). 



B. Meiiorliynclia ametabola and metabola 1 . 



8. No maxillary palps ; labial palps transformed into a spurious labium, 

 generally jointed ; mandibles and maxillae setaceous, forming with the labium a 

 sucking apparatus; wings either absent or four in number, similar or dissimilar, 

 veined or areolate. Rhynchota (= Hemipterd), includes Homoptera with similar 

 wings, Coccidae, Aphidae, Cicadidae, etc., and Heteroptera with dissimilar wings, e. g. 

 Bugs, Water Scorpions, &c., and the Lice or Pediculidae. 



C. Menognatha and Metagnatha metabola. 



* OLIGONEPHRIA. 



(a) wings alike, veined; or hind wings rudimentary or transformed 

 or wanting : metathorax either equal to or less than mesothorax. 

 = Petanoptera (Brauer). 



i. M e n o g n a t h a. 



9. Wings, four, reticulate, similar ; labial palps 3-jointed, joints free ; maxillae 

 free ; pupa with distinct mandibles ; larva Campodeiform, menognathous, or Ant-lion- 

 like and metagnathous. Neuroperta (Megaloptera, e. g. Ant-lion, Lace-winged Fly ; 

 Sialidae). 



10. Wings, four, similar or absent; labial palps 3-jointed, with basal joints 

 connate ; maxillae long, connate with the labium, with lobes free ; pupa with distinct 

 mandibles ; larva cruciform. Panorpatae (Scorpion-flies). 



11. Wings, four, similar, subequal; or the hind wings very often folded longi- 

 tudinally from the base, the broader and with longitudinal veins predominant; 

 mandibles rudimentary ; maxillae connate with labium, all but lost ; palps distinct 

 or caducous ; pupa with distinct mandibles ; larva sub-eruciform. Trichoptera 

 (Caddis-flies). 



ii. M e t a g n a t h a. 



12. Wings, four, covered with scales; hind wings sometimes folded; fore 

 wings rarely folded from the base (Pterophoridae) ; longitudinal veins predominant ; 

 mandibles lost, rarely distinct ; galeae of maxillae forming the antlia ; labial palps 

 very generally of large size, free ; pupa metagnathous, rarely mandibulate ; larva 

 mandibulate, cruciform. Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Moths). 



13. Wings, two, hyaline; never folded, with predominant longitudinal veins; 

 hind wings transformed into halteres, very seldom lost ; maxillary palps free or 



1 The male Coccidae alone are metabola. 



