872 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 



districts. A few are exclusively marine, e. g. Actinolophus. Some are 

 common to both media, e. g. Actinophrys, Heterophrys, Acanthocystis. The 

 genus Orbulinella inhabits salt-pools near Klausenberg in Transylvania. 



Ciliophrys infusionum and Dlmorpha mutans are sometimes regarded as 

 Heliozoans. Biitschli classes them among the Flagellate Rhizomastigina (p. 841). 

 The same authority includes among Heliozoa, Vampyrella, Nudearia, Monobia, and 

 Myxastrum, which are here retained among Proteomyxa (p. 915 et seqq.) where 

 they are placed by Ray Lankester. 



Two organisms, Microcometes paludosa and Wagnerella borealis, are regarded by 

 some authorities as Heliozoans. The former was found under freshwater gelatinous 

 algae in North and South Russia by Cienkowski. It has a globular membranous 

 capsule pierced in a few places by round holes. The body is smaller than its cap- 

 sule ; it has an excentric nucleus, 2-3 peripheral contractile vacuoles ; and it emits 

 through the openings of its capsule one or more long slightly branched pseudopodia. 

 It feeds on Algae which are either drawn into the capsule or have their cell-contents 

 sucked out by the pseudopodia. Binary fission was seen, both parts quitting the 

 capsule ; also encystation within a tough cyst, the capsule at the same time becom- 

 ing spinulose. (Cienkowski, A. M. A. xii. 1876, pp. 46-7, cf. Allman, J. L. S. xiii. 

 p. 302). Wagnerella borealis from the White Sea was described by its discoverer, 

 Merejkowski, as a sponge. It occurs also in the Mediterranean and was found by 

 Mayer to be a Protozoon and probably a Heliozoon, a view to which Merejkowski 

 has given his adhesion. It is attached by a conical base prolonged upwards into a 

 cylindrical peduncle supporting a globular body. The peduncle may attain i-i mm. 

 in length; the head -18 mm. in diameter. A thin membrane covers both head and 

 base and contains curved siliceous spicules. There are also long slender siliceous 

 spicules radiating from the head. The nucleus is in the base, but at times wanders 

 thence into the head and divides into eight nuclei, which are destined one for each 

 of the reproductive buds. There are pseudopodia. (Merejkowski, Mem. Imp. 

 Acad. St. Petersburg, (7), xxvi. 1879, No. 7, p. 15 ; A. N. H. (5), i. 1878 ; viii. 1881 ; 

 Mayer, Z. A. ii. 1879; iv. 1881). 



The Zooteira religata of Strethill Wright is probably a Heliozoon. It has an 

 ecto- and endo-sarc, very numerous pseudopodia, a contractile peduncle, and a 

 basal gelatinous tube into which the animal can be withdrawn. Q. J. M. ii. 1862, 

 p. 217. 



Biitschli thinks that R. Hertwig's Sticholonche zanclea may possibly belong to 

 the Heliozoa Chalarothoraca. By Fol it is made the type of a new order (? class) 

 Taxopoda. It is marine, and was found by Hertwig at Messina. In outline it is 

 bean-shaped and about -15 mm. in length. It contains a bean-shaped capsule or 

 nucleus triangular in cross section. The capsular membrane is tough, covered by 

 minute rods according to Fol, or to Hertwig by perforated elevations which are pro- 

 longed into tubes ; its contents are homogeneous with one large or several small 

 i vacuoles. The body is clothed by a membranous investment composed of separate 

 pieces. Its outline is not even but elevated into prominences. Each of the latter 

 carries a circlet of about twenty hollow chitinous spines grouped round a larger 

 spine. Pseudopodia, in the proper sense of the word, are absent ; in place of them 

 there are four rows of scarcely contractile 'arms' which contain, at least at their 



