io The Animal Mind 



merely place the animal under favorable conditions for ob- 

 servation, make sure that it is not frightened or in an abnormal 

 state, supply the appropriate stimulus unmixed with others, 

 and watch the result. If it is desired to study the process 

 by which an animal learns to adapt itself to a new situation, 

 one must, of course, make sure in addition that the situation 

 really is new to the animal, and yet that it makes sufficient 

 appeal to some instinctive tendency to supply a motive for 

 the learning process. 



As one might expect, among the earliest experiments upon 

 animals were those made by physiologists with a view to 

 determining the functions of sense organs. The experimental 

 movement in psychology was slow in extending itself into the 

 field of the animal mind. 



Romanes, whose adherence to the anecdotal method we 

 have noted, made in 1881, rather as a physiologist than as a 

 psychologist, a number of exact and highly valued experi- 

 ments on ccelenterates and echinoderms, which were sum- 

 marized in his book entitled " Jelly-fish, Star- fish, and Sea- 

 urchins," published in 1885. He has also recorded some 

 rather informal experiments on the keenness of smell in 

 dogs. Sir John Lubbock, in 1883, reported the results of 

 some experiments on the color sense of the small crustacean 

 Daphnia, and his book on "Ants, Bees, and Wasps," con- 

 taining an account of experimental tests of the senses and 

 "intelligence" of these insects, appeared in the same year. 

 A German entomologist, Vitus Graber, experimented very 

 extensively at about this period on the senses of sight and 

 smell in many animals. Preyer, the authority on child 

 psychology, published in 1886 an experimental study of the 

 behavior of the starfish. Loeb's work on the reactions of 

 animals to stimulation began to appear in 1888. Bethe's 

 experiments on ants and bees were published in 1898. Max 



