ioo The Animal Mind 



ing to von Buttel-Reeperi of the following odors : the indi- 

 vidual odor of different workers ; the family odor, common 

 to all the offspring of the same queen; the larval smell and 

 food smell; the drone smell, the wax smell, and the honey 

 smell. There are various ways in which the mode of reaction to 

 a foreign nest smell is modified. If two bee stocks are placed 

 side by side, and one has the queen and entire brood removed, 

 it will go over to the other stock and be kindly received. One 

 can understand that the attraction of the queen and brood odor 

 may overcome the tendency of the foreign nest smell to repel 

 the invaders, but it is harder to see why the more fortunate 

 stock should allow itself to be invaded. Further, a bee laden 

 with honey can get itself received by a foreign stock that has 

 exchanged hives with it, where an unladen bee is attacked; 

 here the smell of the honey may overcome the foreign smell. 

 As is well known, two alien stocks may be united by sprin- 

 kling them with some odorous substance. The queen odor 

 is the strongest factor in the nest smell ; in swarming it over- 

 comes the tendency to return to the old nest, and queen- 

 less swarms will join themselves to foreign swarms having a 

 queen. The apparent attention paid to the queen while 

 laying eggs, the gathering of workers around her trilling their 

 antennae toward her, suggest strongly that her odor is 

 pleasant to them. The queen herself, however, is perfectly 

 indifferent to any foreign nest smell, and will beg food of any 

 bee, even those which are angrily crowded around her cage 

 in a foreign hive. Drones also will go from stock to stock, 

 and are always peacefully received until drone-killing time 

 begins. It has usually been supposed that the unrest dis- 

 played by a bee stock when deprived of its queen is due to the 

 absence of the queen odor, and it seems almost certain that 

 this must be a powerful influence, though von Buttel-Reepen 

 thinks it is not the only influence, for he has observed that if 



