H2 The Animal Mind 



peculiar clangs or noises, and to distinguish clearly from one 

 another the partial tones that compose them" (149). 

 iTower thought that he had observed the potato foppfle, 

 reacting to the sound of^a^Uingjork^f404). Will noted 

 responses from a male beetle to the strioTulation of a female 

 of its species enclosed in a box 15 cm. away (439). Radl 

 has recently made the suggestion that the organs which 

 Graber called chordotonal organs, and which contain a fibre 

 stretched between two points of the integument, represent 

 a kind of transition between " Gemeingefuhl" and hearing. 

 In support he offers the following evidence: the fibres re- 

 semble the tendons in which some muscles end, and are very 

 likely developed from tendons; the organs exist in insects 

 that have no use for hearing, such as grubs shut up in fruits; 

 insects have not been shown to respond to pure tones, but only 

 to noises such as the cricket's chirping, which for us affect 

 Gemeingefuhl. Further, there is no evidence that hearing 

 ever guides insects to each other; in short, it is but a rudi- 

 mentary sense, and its organs are those which serve also to 

 register muscular activity. It is, in insects, a " refined 

 muscular sense" (357). 



The auditory sense, if it exists in insects, is very likely 

 confined to those which produce sounds, and its qualities 

 limited within the range of such sounds. Most species of 

 ants, for instance, produce no sound that the human ear, 

 even with the aid of a microphone 248), can detect, although 

 certain East Indian species are reported to make a loud hiss- 

 ing noise when disturbed (424), and some American species 

 are said to chirp (108, 437). Ch. Janet maintains that ants of 

 the Myrmicidae make a stridulating noise (190, 191). The 

 weight of evidence is also against the existence of sound 

 reactions in ants ; careful experiments by Fielde and Parker 

 on a number of species led to the conclusion that the only 



