262 The Animal Mind 



hunting not at the place where the box had been, but at a 

 height which was about that of their home-hive entrance. He 

 thinks that an important feature of the bee's visual memor} 

 consists in a power of accurately estimating height above the 

 ground. If the entrance to the hive be raised or lowered 30 

 cm., all the returning bees will go to the old place, and 

 it will be hours and sometimes days before they find the 

 new one. Moreover, the same bees tend to return to the same 

 corner of the opening each time. When a row of hives had 

 been arranged, some with openings in front and others with 

 openings at the side, bees which had been driven home ir 

 haste by a storm would sometimes try to enter the wrong hive 

 but if their home hive opened on the side, they would attempl 

 to enter the foreign hive on the corresponding side (72). 



It may be granted that there is much evidence in favoi 

 of the use of visual memory by bees, although the differences 

 which must exist between the visual perceptions gained by 

 the compound eye and those of our own experience neces- 

 sarily complicate the phenomena and make them hard tc 

 interpret. In the solitary wasps, although Fabre is inclinec 

 to assume a " special faculty " of homing, independent o: 

 visual memory, basing his assumption on experiments when 

 the wasps returned to their nests, from which they had beer 

 transported in a box to a distance of three kilometers (115 

 Series I) ; yet the evidence obtained by the Peckhams seem; 

 fairly conclusive in favor of memory for visual landmarks 

 The solitary wasps have been shown by the observations o 

 the Peckhams to depend upon sight for the return to th( 

 nest (322, 323), and the same conclusion is indicated for th< 

 social wasps by Enteman (112). The Peckhams' belief ii 

 the visual memory of solitary wasps rests first upon the fac 

 that the wasp, upon completing her nest, always spend 

 some time in circling about the locality, in and out amon] 



