l66 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



found in one case amounted to over one hundred ; in a second 

 case, in which the parasites had also invaded the excretory duct 

 of the pancreas, their number was even larger. 



Winogradoff as well as Askanazy found isolated flukes in the 

 intestine also. 



Unfortunately, nothing much is known of the history of the 

 development of Opisthorchis felineus ; we are only aware that when 

 deposited the eggs already contain a ciliated miracidiurh, which, 

 however, according to my experience, does not hatch out in water, 

 but only after the introduction of the eggs into the intestine 

 of young Limnceus stagnalis ; no further development, however, 

 occurred. Winogradoff states that he has seen the miracidia 

 hatch after the eggs had been kept in water for a month 

 at 37 C. ; the author has even observed free miracidia in the 

 bile of a human corpse and that of a dog respectively. 



In one of his nine cases Winogradoff also saw a small 

 fluke beset all over with spines, which he conjectured to be 

 the young stage of Opisthorchis felineus ; as, however, accord- 

 ing to my experience, this species, even in smaller specimens, is 

 always without spines, the above hypothesis cannot be accepted. 

 It is much more probable that one of the other species that also 

 invade the liver of cats may incidentally be introduced into man ; 

 we know,' in fact, that Metorchis albidus (Braun) and Met. truncatus 

 (Rud.) are both covered with spines. As, however, the spines 

 of the first-named species are fairly variable and the creatures also 

 possess a differently formed body (spatula-shaped), it may be 

 assumed that probably Winogradoff had found Metorchis truncalm 

 (Rud.), 1819, in his patient. 



Metorchis truncatus (Rud.), 1819. 



The specimens of this species, which attain a length oi 2 mm., 

 are slender and skittle-shaped ; the anterior end is pointed and the 

 posterior truncated, and provided with a tuberosity that resembles 

 a terminal sucker ; for this reason the discoverer of the species 

 (Rudolphi) classed it with the amphistomes. The cuticle in the 

 young, as well as in the adult specimens, is entirely and closely 

 covered with spines. The suckers are on an average of equal 

 size (0-134 0-172 mm.), the ventral sucker lies somewhat in 

 front of the middle of the body. The pharynx is small (0*09 

 mm.), the oesophagus minute, the intestinal branches reach to the 



