39 THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



Porocephalus constrictus (v. Siebold), 1852. 



Syn. : Nematoideum hominis, Diesing, 1851 ; Pentastomum constrictum, 

 v. Sieb., 1852 ; Porocephalus constrictus, Stiles, 1893. 



Porocephalus is distinguished from Linguatula by its cylindrical 

 body and by certain internal structures. Porocephalus constrictus 

 is as yet only known in its larval stage. It is milk-white in 

 colour with golden-yellow hooklets. Number of rings, twenty-three. 

 Length 13 mm., breadth 2*2 mm. There are no prickles on the 

 posterior border of the annulations of the body. 



This species was first discovered by Pruner encysted in the livers of two 

 negroes in Cairo. Bilharz reported two further cases in which the para- 

 sites were encysted in the liver and in the mucosa of the intestine ; a few other 

 observations have been made by Fenger, Aitken, Giard and Chalmas. Aitken's 

 report deals with soldiers of the British Colonies in Africa. The parasites 

 were discovered in the liver as well as in the lung, and appear to have 

 been the cause of death in one case (pneumonia, peritonitis). 



Pruner has found the same parasite also in the liver of the 

 giraffe. 1 



B. Myriapoda. 

 See Text of Braun, p. 314 (footnote 2). 



C. Insecta (Hexapoda). 



Three separate divisions can always be distinguished in the body of 

 insects, namely, the head, thorax and abdomen. The HEAD is a roundish 

 unsegmented capsule and possesses four pairs of appendages. The first pair 



1854, v., p. 212); " Id. Pent. dent, in der Niere " (Arch. /. phy. Hlkde., 1856, xv., 

 p. 581 ) ; " Id. Pent. i. d. MHz " (Arch. f. Hlkde., 1862, iii., p. 478). Virchow, R., " Helmin- 

 thol. Notizen I." (Arch. f. p. An., 1857, x i- P- 81). Leuckart, R., " Bau u. Entwick- 

 elungsgesch. d. Pentast., Lpzg., 1860. Colin, In Bull. soc. mtd. vet., 1861, v., p. 125 ; 

 1863, vii., p. 22 ; 1864, viii., p. 108. Welch, F. H., " The presence of an encysted 

 Echinorhynchus in Man " (The Lancet, 1872, ii., p. 703). Landon, " Ein casuistischer 

 Beitr. z. JEtiol. d. Nasenblut." (Berl. kl. Wchschr., 1878, xv., p. 730). Lohrmann, E., 

 " Unters. ub d. anat. Bau d. Pentast." (Arch. /. Naturg., 1889, lv., i., p. 303). Stiles, 

 C. W., " Bau u. Entiv. v. Pent, proboscideum u. P. subcylindricum " (Z. /. w. Z., 1891, 

 lii., p. 85.) Ratz, St. " v. V. d. activ. Wanderung d. Pent, denticulatum " (C. f. B. u. P.. 

 1892, xii., p. 329). Shipley, A. E.,'" An Attempt to Revise the Family Ling uatuli dee," 

 (Arch', de parasit., 1898, i., p. 52). Kulagin, N., " Z. Naturgesch. d. Pent, denticul." 

 {C. /. B., P. u. I., 1898, xxiv., pp. 489 and 525). 



'Pruner, Krankheiten des Orients, Erlange, 1847, P- 2 49- Bilharz, "Ein Beitrag 

 zuv Helminthogr. humana" (Z. f. w. Z., 1852, iv., p. 65). Bilharz, " Uebers. ub. d. i. 

 Moypten beob. Eingeweidew/trmer " (Z. d> Ges. d. Mvzte, Wien., 1858, i., p. 447). 

 Aitken, W., " On the Occurrence of Pent, const, in the Human Body as a cause of 

 painful Disease and Death " (Science and pract. of Medicine, 4th edit.., London, 1865). 

 Giard, A., " Pent, constr., par du foie des negres " (C. R. soc. biol., Paris, 1896. iii., 

 p. 460 ; Ref., C. f. B., P. u. I., xxiii... p. 1098). Chalmers, A., " Case of Pent, constr." 

 iThe' Lancet, 1899, J une 2 4) ' Ref -> C - / B -> P - u - f -> xxvi., p. 518. Neumann, G., 

 41 Sur les Poroceph. du chien et de quelq. mammif." (Arch, de Paras., 1899, ii., p. 356). 



