THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 



Germany, &c., as well as in the Tropics. Moreover, in A. costalis, Loew ; 

 A. funestus, Giles (Africa); A. quadrimaculatus, Say (North America), and 

 A. rossii, Giles; the latter is perhaps identical with A. superpictus, Gr., 

 as well as with A. culicifacies (India). [Anopheles maculipennis and 

 A. claviger are the same. Certainly neither maculipennis nor bifurcatus have 

 been found in the Tropics. Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Say, is the same as 

 A. maculipennis. There is no evidence that all Anophelines carry malaria, 

 but there is much to show that certain species only are capable of so doing ; 

 Rossii will not do so. F. V. T.]. 



Everyone is aware that mosquitoes swarm at sunset in fine weather, 

 and at that time seek out human beings and other warm-blooded animals 

 to take food. In this regard, however, the sexes differ, in so far as that 

 it is almost without exception that the females only suck blood, while 

 the males subsist on the juices of plants (blossoms or fruits '). After 

 sucking, and when night has fallen, the mosquitoes find a place of refuge, 

 for which purpose they utilise the grasses or foliage of trees and bushes, 

 or inhabited or uninhabited rooms of houses, also cellars, stables, verandahs, 

 &c., where they also pass the day. 



[Some mosquitoes bite in the daytime Stegomyia and some A nophelines ; 

 some bite right into the night, as Culex fatigans and C. pipiens. F. V. T.]. 



The period required for digestion varies according to the temperature. 

 It takes two days in summer, and may take up to ten days or more in 

 cool weather. After digestion is complete more food is taken up, this being 

 necessary for the maturing of the sexual products. 



It is still unknown under what circumstances copulation takes place'- ; 

 in any case, sooner or later the females are fecundated, and when the 

 ova have become mature, and the season is not too far advanced, they 

 seek a suitable place in which to deposit them. 3 These are larger or smaller, 

 permanent or temporary, collections of standing water, pools, puddles, 

 lakes, pits, water in rain-water barrels, basins, &c. Nevertheless, certain 

 kinds prefer certain waters ; thus Anopheles (claviger'} maculipennis and several 

 of the Culices seek stagnant water overgrown with swamp vegetation and 

 decomposing vegetable matter ; A . bifurcatus and certain Culices, clear water 

 with some vegetation (such as fountains and the lakes in gardens and 

 parks) ; Culex pipiens has a preference for rain-water barrels, even though 

 the water be dirty and evil-smelling. [I have found the larvae of Anopheles 

 bifurcatus living in great numbers in ponds and lakes completely overgrown 

 with floating water-weeds, and those of Culex pipiens in liquid manure. 



Sexual Organs of the Mosquito. The female has a pair of ovaries, opening 

 into a single tube, by the ovarian tubes ; into the single tube opens a duct 

 coming from the spermathecae., and also a mucous gland. The spermathecae 



1 Both males and females may be kept alive in captivity for a long time if given 

 fruits, or even only sugar and water. 



2 The female Culex has three receptaculse seminalis, while the female Anophele 

 has one receptaculum seminis. 



3 It is certain that the females perish immediately after depositing the ova; but 

 this dees not always hold good, as a part of them survive for a few days. The males 

 die soon after copulation. 



