OR MOSQUITOES 



415 



marked characters, mainly in regard to the structure of the syphons. Specific 

 differences may be found in the frontal hairs of Anopheline larvae and in the 

 number and arrangement of a group of spines at the base of the syphon in 

 Culicines. F. V. T.] 



LITERATURE. 



FABRIGIUS, J. C. Syst. antliatorum. Braunschw., 1805-06. 



MEIGEN, J. W. Syst. Beschr. d. bek. europ. zweifl. Ins. 7 vols. Hamm, 1818-38. 



WALKER, F. Insecta Britann. : Diptera. London, 1851-56. 



SCHINER, J. R. Fauna Austriaca. Die Fliegen (Diptera). Wien, 1860-64. 



NUTTALL, G. H. F., and A. E. SHIPLEY. Studies in Relation to Malaria. Structure 



and Biology of Anopheles (Journ. of Hyg., 1901, i., p. 451). 

 GILES, G. M. A Handbook of the Gnats and Mosquitoes. 2nd edit. (Systematic 



part abridged from Theobald). London, 1902. 

 THEOBALD, F. V. A Monograph of the Culicidae of the World. 3 vols. London, 1902 



Revision and Appendix of same, i vol., 1903. 



THEOBALD, F. V. Family Culicidae, genera Insectorium. Brussels, 1905. 

 THEOBALD. F, V. A Catalogue of Culicidae in the National Museum of Hungary. 



Budapest, 1905. 



THEOBALD, F. V. New Culicidae from Ceylon. Bombay, 1905. 

 BLANCHARD, R. Les Moustiques. Hist. Nat. et Med. Paris, 1905. 



Q'' 



St. 



FIG. 271. NEURATION OF WING (Theobald). 



Explanation of Wing, Veins and Cells. A, Costal cell; B, sub-costal cell; 

 C, marginal cell; D, first sub-marginal cell (= first fork cell); E, second submarginal 

 cell; F, first posterior cell; G, second posterior cell (= second fork cell); H, first 

 basal cell; /, second basa.1 cell; /, third posterior cell; K, anal cell; L, auxiliary 

 cell; M, spurious cell; c, costal vein; ist 6th, first to sixth longitudinal veins; 

 a, a and a", incrassations (a called by Austen the sixth vein, a" the eighth vein); 

 y, supernumerary cross vein ; z, mid cross vein ; p, posterior cross vein. 



CULICID.E OR MOSQUITOES. 



By F. V. Theobald. 



The importance of these insects to man is very great, greater than 

 all the other partially parasitic animals. They not only produce painful 

 bites, which may become inflamed and give rise to a considerable amount 

 of oedema, but they are more important on account of the part they play 

 in the distribution of various diseases. Culicidae not only carry disease 

 germs, but act as intermediate hosts for certain parasites, such as some of the 

 Anophelina for malarial parasites, Culex for Filariae, and Stegomyia for 

 yellow fever ; the last-named is in any case the distributor of that fatal 

 disease. It is therefore very necessary to know the life-history, habits and 

 characters of these pests. 



Mosquitoes exist in almost all parts of the world from the Arctic circle 



