PUPIPARA 447 



"6. Generally distinctly larger ; head wider ; front 



darker and narrower in both sexes, sides parallel 



in the $ ; abdominal bands deeper, leaving 



hind margins of segments only narrowly pale ; 



hypopygium in $ smaller, darker, and more 



hairy ; tip of $ abdomen more thickly clothed 



laterally with short black hair, bristles on sixth 



segment finer and less prominent . . . . Longipalpis, Wied. 



" Usually smaller ; head narrower ; front paler and 



wider ; eyes in $ as well as in $ distinctly con- 

 verging towards vertex ; abdominal bands less 



deep ; pale hind margins of segments therefore 



deeper; hypopygium in $ larger, paler, some- 

 what more oval in outline, and clothed with 



fewer fine hairs ; tip of 3 abdomen less hairy 



laterally ; bristles on the sixth segments in $ 



stouter and more conspicuous . . . . . . Morsitans, Westwood. 



" 7. Dorsum of thorax with 4 sharply-defined small 



dark-brown oval spots, arranged in a parallelo- 

 gram, 2 in front of and 2 behind transverse 



suture ; bulb at base of proboscis brown at the' 



tip .... Longipennis, Corti. 



" Dorsum of thorax without such spots, though 



with more or less distinct longitudinal stripes ; 



bulb at base of the proboscis not brown at tip . . 'Fusca, Walker." 

 The most important species is Glossina palpalis of Robineau-Desvoidy, 

 as it acts as the carrier of the Trypanosomes of man (Trypanosoma gambiene}. 

 Brumpt considers that the Tsetse disease of domesticated animals is carried 

 by at least five species of Tsetse Flies, and his investigations lead him to 

 suppose that sleeping sickness may be carried by several species. Other 

 diptera also carry Trypanosomes, such as Storm Flies (Stomo.vys}. 



Pupipara or Eproboscidae. 



The pupipara are all blood-suckers, the majority occurring as parasites on 

 mammals and birds. Occasionally some may attack man. They all produce 

 their young fully formed as puparia. The puparia are large and when passed 

 out may contain a nearly mature pupa. One ,, puparium is passed at a 

 time. They are mostly flat, louse-like flies which may or may not be winged. 

 The winged forms have a short quick flight, and when disturbed will seek 

 shelter in man's hair or beard. Two main families occur (i) the Hippoboscidcs 

 and (2) the Nycteribida. The former occur on animals and birds, the latter 

 on birds only, but may invade man. Two other families are known the 

 Braulidce (bee parasites) and the Strebbidce (bat parasites). 



The mouth of the Hippoboscidce is long and sharp, forming a proboscis. 

 Thorax and abdomen are flat and leathery. The legs are stout and strong 

 and terminate in large dentate claws and other structures of use in holding 

 on to the hair or feathers of their host when blood-sucking. 



