FUNCTIONS OP THE CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM. 385 



tary power over its individual muscles ; but it could not 

 combine their actions for any general movement of the body. 

 The reflex movements, such as those of respiration, remained 

 unimpaired. When an animal in this state was laid on its 

 back, it could not recover its former posture ; but it moved 

 its limbs or fluttered its wings, and evidently was not in a 

 state of stupor. When placed in the erect position, it stag- 

 gered and fell like a drunken man ; not, however, without 

 making efforts to maintain its balance. Phrenologists, who 

 attribute a different function to the Cerebellum, have attempted 

 to put aside these results, on the ground that the severity of 

 the operation was alone sufficient to produce them j but (as 

 we have already seen, 465) after a much more severe opera- 

 tion the removal of the Cerebral Hemispheres, the Cere- 

 bellum being left untouched the animal could stand, walk, 

 fly, maintain its balance, and recover it when disturbed. 



482. The motions of the body in the Invertebrated classes, 

 being simple in their nature, and probably all of a reflex 

 character ( 442), do not require a Cerebellum ; and we do 

 not find in them any nervous mass which clearly represents 

 this organ, 



Functions of the Cerebrum. Intelligence and Will. 



483. From the facts already stated, it is tolerably clear that 

 the Cerebrum is the organ by which we reason upon the ideas 

 that are excited by sensations, by which we judge and de- 

 cide upon our course of action, and by which we put that 

 decision into practice, by issuing a mandate (as it were), which, 

 being conveyed by the nervous trunks proceeding from the 

 brain to the muscles, excites the latter to contract. It is a 

 common, but entirely erroneous idea, that Reason or Intelli- 

 gence is peculiar to Man ; and that the actions of the lower 

 classes of Animals are entirely due to Instinct. There can be 

 no doubt, however, that reasoning processes exactly resem- 

 bling those of Man are performed by many Mammals, such 

 as the Dog, the Horse, and the Elephant ; and it is probable 

 that although we are best acquainted with these animals, 

 on account of their tendency to associate with Man, there 

 are others which have powers yet higher. We must admit 

 that an animal reasons, when it profits by experience, and 

 obviously adapts its actions to the ends it desires to gain, 







