COMPENDIUM OF GENERIC DISTINCTIONS. 



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Genus. LUSCINIA. Bill short, no bristles ; nostrils with 

 rounded opening. Wings, third quill longest. Tarsi with 

 one long scale in front. Habitat Old World. 



Genus. CAI.AMODYTA. Bill small, sometimes with vory 

 weak bristles ; nostrils with oval opening. Wings, first 

 quill very short, third and fourth longest. Tarsi with broad 

 scales in front. Habitat Old World. 



Genus. REQULDS. Bill small, broad at base ; nostrils 

 semi-lunar, covered with membranous scale. Wings, first 

 quill very short, fourth and fifth longest. Tail very slightly 

 forked. Tarsi with one long scale in front. Habitat 

 Europe, Asia, and America. 



Sub-family. Erythacinse. Bill with tip entire, bristles 

 at base. Wings and tail various. Tarsi, long, slender, 

 with single scale. Toes moderate. 



Gmus. SAXICOLA. Bill rather flat at base, nostrils in 

 membranous groove, opening rounded. Wings long, third 

 and fourth quills longest. Tail even. Outer toe longer 

 than inner. Habitat Most parts of world. 



Genus. PRATINCOLA. Bill with short bristles, nostrils 

 with rounded opening, nearly hidden by plumes of forehead. 

 Wings long and round, fourth and fifth quills longest. Tail 

 short and broad. Outer toe longer than inner. Habitat 

 Old World. 



Genus. RUTICILLA. Bill broad at base ; nostrils in 

 membranous groove, opening rounded. Wings long and 

 rounded ; fourth and fifth quills longest. Tail long, broad, 

 and somewhat forked. Toes short and slender. Habitat 

 Old World. 



Genus. ERYTHACUS. Bill strong ; nostrils in groove, 

 opening elongated. Wings moderate, fourth and fifth quills 

 longest. Tail moderate, broad, and rather forked. Outer 

 'cnger than inner, united to middle at base, hind toe long 

 aid slender. Habitat Europe. 



Genus. CYANECULA. Bill straight and slender, nostrils 

 at base, rounded. Wings moderate, third and fourth quills 

 longest. Tail moderate, rounded. Tarsi long ; outer toe 

 longer than inner. Habitat Old World. 



Genus. COP8YCHUS. Bill wide at gape, with short 

 bristles ; nostrils in slight groove. Wings, fifth quill longest, 

 first to fourth graduated. Tail rather long. Tarsi rather 

 long, hind toe long and strong. Habitat India and Africa. 



Genus. SIALIA. Bill short, broad at base; nostrils in 

 groove, opening elongated. Wings very long and pointed, 

 third and fourth quills longest. Hind toe moderate. Ha- 

 bitat America. 



Sub-family. Accentorinse. Bill short, straight, nostrils 

 in groove, opening exposed. Wings long. Tail moderate. 

 Tarsi moderate. Outer toe united to middle at base, hind 

 toe long. 



Genus. ACCENTOR. Bill, nostrils very narrow. Wings, 

 third to fifth quills longest, first very short. Tarsi broadly 

 scaled in front. Claw of hind toe long and compressed. 

 Habitat Europe and Asia. 



Sub-family. Parinae. Bill straight, short, and strong; 

 nostrils at base. Wings moderate, first three quills gra- 

 duated. Tail rounded and even. Tarsi scaled in front. 

 Inner toe shortest ; claws curved and strong. 



Genus. PARUS. Bill, nostrils concealed by plumes of 

 forehead. Wings, fourth and fifth quills longest. Hind 

 toe and claw very long. Habitat Old World and North 

 America. 



Genus. PARC-IDES. Wings, third and fourth quills 

 longest. Tail rather long. Habitat Europe and Africa. 



Sub-family. Mniotiltinse. Bill conical, nostrils exposed, 

 opening rather large. Wings long. Tail moderate. Tarsi 

 broadly scaled ; toes long and slender. 



Genus. ZOSTEROPS. Bill with few short bristles at base ; 

 nostrils in broad groove, protected by semilunar scale. 

 Wings, fourth and fifth quills longest, first very small. Tail 

 broad. Outer toe longer than inner. Habitat India, 

 Africa, and Australia. 



Sub-family. Motacillinae. Bill moderate, keel rathci 

 curved at end, sides much compressed; nostrils in small 

 groove. Wings lofjg and pointed . Tail long. Tarsi long, 

 slender, with transverse scales. Toes and claws long. 



Genus. MOTACILLA. Bill, nostrils oval, partially hidden 

 by a membrane. Wings, second and third quills longest. 

 Tail very long, oven or forked. Hind too long. Habitat 

 Most parts of world. 



Genus. EPHTHIANURA. Bill, nostrils in broad groove, 

 covered with membranous scale. Wings, third to fifth quilla 

 longest. Tail rather short. Toes rather short. Habitat 

 Australia. 



Genus. ANTHUS. Bill straight and slender ; nostrils in 

 short broad groove, rounded, and partly covered by mem- 

 brane. Wings, first to third quills longest. Claws of front 

 toes short and. curved, that of hind toe long and sharp. 

 Habitat Most parts of world. 



Family. TTTKDIDJE. Bill rather strong, sides rather 

 compressed. Wings long. Tail moderate Tarsi and toes 

 various. 



Sub-family. Formicarinse. Bill straight ; nostrils in 

 membranous groove, reached but not covered by plumes. 

 Wings short and rounded. Tarsi with divided scales in 

 front. Outer toe longer than inner. 



Genus. PITTA. Bill broad at base, opening of nostrils 

 oblique and exposed. Wings, third and fourth quills longest. 

 Tail very short and even. Tarsi very long with broad scales. 

 Outer toe longer than inner, and united to middle at base ; 

 hind toe and claw very long. Habitat India, Australia, 

 and Western Africa. 



Genus. HYDROBATA. Bill moderate, slightly curved 

 upwards ; opening of nostrils semilunar. Wings rounded, 

 third and fourth quills longest, first spurious. Tail very 

 short and even. Outer toe rather longer than inner. 

 Habitat Europe, Asia, and America. 



Sub-family. Turdinae. Bill as long as head ; nostrils 

 open, in small groove. Wings, first quill very short. Tail 

 long; and broad. Tarsi long. Outer toe longer than inner, 

 united to middle at base, hind toe long and strong. 



Genus. MlMUS. Bill with short bristles at base ; nostrils 

 oval. Wings, fourth, fifth, sometimes seventh quills longest, 

 second shorter than third. Tarsi with broad scales in front. 

 Habitat America, West Indian and Galapagos Islands. 



Genus. TURDUS. Bill with weak bristles at base ; nos- 

 trils as in Mimus. Wings, third and fourth quills longest. 

 Tail slightly forked. Tarsi with single long scale in front. 

 Habitat All parts of the world. 



Sub-family. Timalinas. Bill moderate, keel curved ; 

 nostrils exposed. Wings short and rounded. Tail gra- 

 duated. Tarsi long and strong. Toes long, strong, and 

 with large scales above ; claws compressed and sharp. 



Genus. TIMALIA. Bill, sides much compressed to tip ; 

 few short bristles at base ; nostrils in small groove, semi- 

 lunar opening with a small scale. Wings, fifth to seventh 

 quills longest. Tarsi with one long scale in front. Habitat 

 India and Java, 



Genus. ICTE:IIA. Bill short, strong, elevated and curved 

 at base, tip slightly scooped ; nostrils in small groove. 

 Wings, third and fourth quills longest. Tarsi long, with 

 single large scale in front. Outer toe longer than inner. 

 Habitat America. 



Genus. CINCLOSOMA. Bill moderate, rather slender, 

 slightly compressed ; a few very short bristles at base ; nos- 

 trils with membranous scale. Wings, third to fifth quilla 

 longest. Tarsi with broad scales. Inner toe longer than 

 outer. Habitat Australia. 



Genus. GARRULAX. Bill, nostrils in short groove, opening 

 rounded and hidden by plumes and bristles. Wings, fifth 

 and sixth quills longest. Tail broad and rounded. Tarsi 

 strong, hind toe very long. Habitat India and China. 



Sub-family. Oriolinae. Bill long as head, broad at base, 

 compressed on sides, slightly curved above ; nostrils partly 

 closed by membrane. Wings long, third and fourth quil& 

 longest. Tarsi short strong scales. 



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