772 



COMPENDIUM OF GENEKIC DISTINCTIONS. 



Genus. ORIOLUS. Bill, nostrils oval. Wings, first quill 

 only half length of third and fourth. Tail moderate and 

 rounded. Tarsi with broad scales. Toes free, outer longer 

 than inner, claws strong and curved. Habitat Old World. 



Family. MTJSCICAPIDJE. Bill various, curved above, 

 sides compressed to tip. Tail long. Tarsi short ; toes 

 long. 



Sub-family. Alectrurinae. Bill broad and rather flat- 

 tened at base ; nostrils rounded and exposed. Wings long. 

 Tarsi slender. 



Genus. GUBERNETES. Bill short, with bristles at base ; 

 nostrils in short membranous groove, opening rounded. 

 Tail long and deeply forked. Tarsi with transverse scales. 

 Outer toe united at base to middle ; hind toe long. Habitat 

 South America, 



Snb-family. Tyranninae. Bill long, broad and flat at 

 base, sides compressed to tip, which is hooked ; nostrils 

 hidden by plumes and bristles. Wings long and pointed. 

 Tail moderate. Tarsi broadly scaled. Outer toe longer 

 than inner, united to middle at base ; claws short and 

 sharp. 



Genus. TYBANNUS. Bill with long bristles at base ; 

 nostrils small and rounded. Wings, second, third, and 

 sometimes to fifth quills equal, all sharply pointed. Tail 

 slightly forked. Tarsi slender. Habitat Tropical America. 



Genus. MlLVULUS. Bill, nostrils on side and rounded. 

 Wings, second quill longest, first and third equal, all waved 

 and pointed. Tail long, very deeply forked. Tarsi slender. 

 Habitat Tropical America. 



Sub-family. Muscicapinae. Bill broad at base, narrowing 

 to tip, base with bristles. Wings long and pointed. Outer 

 toe longer than inner. 



Genus. RHIPIDURA. Bill with long bristles at base, 

 nostrils partly covered with plumes and bristles. Wings, 

 fourth and fifth quills longest, first short. Tail broad and 

 graduated. Tarsi broadly scaled ; front toes short, hind 

 toe long. Habitat India, New Zealand, and islands of 

 Indian Ocean. 



Genus. TOHITREA. Wings, fourth and fifth quills longest, 

 first to third graduated. Tail long and graduated. Tarsi 

 with slightly divided scales. Hind toe long. Habitat 

 Africa and India. 



Genus. MusciCAPA. Bill short, nostrils partly hidden 

 by plumes. Wings, third and fourth quills longest, first 

 very short. Tail even. Front toes short, hind toe long. 

 Habitat Old World. 



Genus. MUSCIVORA. Bill straight, rather flattened 

 above, bristles very long and stiff, nostrils oval and exposed. 

 Tail nearly even. Tarsi with one long scale. Hind toe 

 long. Habitat South America, 



Family. AMPELIDJE. Bill moderate, broad at base, 

 rather flattened, sides gradually compressed to tip. Wings 

 long. Tail moderate. Toes moderate, outer united to inner 

 at base. 



Sub-family. Pachycephalinse. Bill with few slight 

 bristles at base. Wings rounded. Tarsi long and slender ; 

 toes long. 



Genus. PARDALOTUS. Bill very short, nostrils covered 

 by membrane. Wings, first to third quills longest. Hind 

 toe rather long. Habitat Australia. 



Sub-family. Piprinae. Bill, base very broad, nostrils at 

 side, nearly hidden by plumes. Wings moderate and 

 pointed. Tail very short and even. Tarsi long and slender ; 

 outer toe united to middle beyond second joint. 



Genus. PIPRA. Bill short, nostrils partly closed by a 

 membrane. Wings, third and fourth quills longest. Outer 

 toe longer than inner. Habitat Tropical America. 



Gemif. RUPICOLA. Bill strong, nostrils large, oval, 

 partly closed by a membrane. Wings, fourth and fifth quills 

 longest. Tarsi partly covered by plumes. Outer toe longer 

 than inner, and united to middle beyond second joint, the 

 inner united at base ; hind toe ion and strong. Habitat 

 South America. 



Genus. CALYPTOMEXA. Bill short, very broad at base, 

 nostrils rounded. Wings, third and fifth quills equal, fourth 

 longest. Tarsi broadly scaled in front. Outer toe united 

 to inner beyond second joint. Habitat Sumatra. 



Sub-family. Ampelinae. Bill rather long, very wide 

 gape ; nostrils oval. Wings moderate. Tail short. Outer 

 toe slightly united at base. 



Genus. AMPELIS. Bill moderate, gradually curved above; 

 nostrils on side, concealed by plumes. Wings, second 

 quill longest. Claws short, much curved, compressed, and 

 sharp. Habitat Europe, Asia, and Northern America, 



Genus. ARAPUNGA (PROCNIAS). Bill very short at base ; 

 nostrils in membranous groove, plumes reach the opening. 

 Wings, third and fourth quills longest. Tarsi short, trans- 

 versely scaled. Outer toe longer than inner. Habitat 

 Tropical America. 



Sub-family. Campephaginse. Bill short, few bristles at 

 base ; nostrils rounded. Wings moderate, third to fifth 

 quills longest. Tail long and rounded. Tarsi short, trans- 

 versely scaled. 



Genus. PERICROCOTTJS. Bill, sides much compressed ; 

 nostrils in sunken groove. Tail graduated. Tarsi slender, 

 with narrow scales. Lateral toes equal. Habitat India 

 and Archipelago. 



Sub-family. Dicrurinae. Bill well keeled above and 

 curved ; strong bristles at base. Wings long. Tarsi and 

 toes short. 



Genus. ARTAMUS. Bill moderate, keel rcmnded, few 

 bristles, nostrils small and partly hidden by plumes. Wings 

 very long, pointed, second quill longest, and first only rudj- 

 mental. Tarsi short, transversely scaled. Toes short, 

 outer united at base to middle. Habitat India, Australia, 

 and Madagascar. 



Genus. DlCRURUS. Bill, keel elevated and curved to 

 tip ; nostrils rounded, and hidden by plumes and bristles. 

 Wings, fourth and fifth quills longest. Tail long and deeply 

 forked, sometimes extensive feathers, webbed only at ends. 

 Outer toe united to middle at second joint, inner at base. 

 Habitat India and Africa. 



Family. LANIIDJE. Bill long, strong, straight, mostly 

 hooked, keel curved, and sides compressed to tip, Wings 

 moderate. Tail long. Tarsi strong. Hind toe long, claws 

 long, curved, and very sharp. 



Sub-family. Laniinse. Bill moderate ; nostrils on side 

 and rounded. Wings rather long. Outer toe longer than 

 inner, and united to middle at base. Hind toe long, broadly 

 padded. 



Genus. LANIUS. Bill broad at base, tip strongly hooked ; 

 few short bristles at base ; nostrils partly hidden by bristles. 

 Wings, fourth quill longest. Tail graduated. Habitat 

 Europe, Asia, and Africa. 



Genus. ENNEOCTONUS. Wings, third quill longest. Tail 

 much rounded. Kest like Lanius. Habitat Europe and 

 India. 



Sub-family. Thamnophilinae. Bill long, keel arched, tip 

 hooked, base with bristles. Wings moderate. Tail long. 

 Tarsi broadly scaled. Outer toe united to middle at base. 



Genus. THAMNOPHILUS. Bill, nostrils at side of base, 

 rounded and exposed. Wings rounded, fourth to seventh 

 quills longest. Tarsi with transverse scales before and 

 behind. Habitat America. 



Tribe. CONIROSTJiS.B\ll strong, conical. Wings 

 moderate, mostly pointed. Tarsi strongly scaled ', toes 

 moderate. 



Family. CORVIDJE. Bill, keel arched, sides compressed 

 to tip ; nostrils at base, concealed by plumes. Tail varied. 

 Tarsi and toes moderate. 



Sub-family. Phonogaminae. Bill long, base broad ; 

 nostrils long and narrow. Wings various. Tail long. Tarsi 

 and toes scaled ; outer toe united to middle at base. 



Genus. GYMNORHINA. Bill longer than head, keol 

 slightly curved and encroaching on forehead ; nostrils like 

 straight slits in beak. Wings veiy long, pointed, third and 

 fourth quills longest, first very short. Tail even. Toe* 

 nearly even. Habitat A'latralia. 



