THE DEFENSES OF THE HORSE 



often cured under a veterinarian's advice. For both 

 horses and mares, where the trouble arises from 

 proper accuracy and decision in the attacks, these 

 should be repeated and carried through. But if the 

 horse has simply been provoked by spurs used 

 without reason, the cure is for the rider either to sit 

 still in his saddle, or else to take off the spurs which 

 have become a razor in the hands of a monkey. 

 Some good exercising at an energetic walk, trot, 

 and gallop will also help to make the horse go for- 

 ward more determinedly. 



JUMPING TO ONE SIDE 



"To jump to one side" seems to be the only pos- 

 sible translation into English of ecart, which the 

 Duke of Newcastle uses for the action of a horse 

 which makes a sidewise leap away from an object 

 which it fears. 



The Duke advises, in dealing with an animal 

 which acts in this way, that the rider shall be always 

 attentive, never neglecting the accuracy and cor- 

 rectness of his seat, so as not to be caught by any 

 movement, however sudden and unexpected. This 

 grand master recommends gentleness at first, let- 

 ting the horse come near the object, see, smell, and 

 touch it. But if, after the horse has done this, it 

 again jumps away from the same object, then he 

 recommends punishing the horse so severely that 

 the memory of the pain shall be afterwards stronger 

 than the fear; and he quotes Hippocrates, "To 



360 



