WHERE THE MIGRANTS GO. 243 



winter range overlaps that of summer ; although 

 it is most probable that the individuals breeding 

 in this winter area move south in autumn, and are 

 replaced by others breeding farther north. Thus, 

 the Chiffchaffs and the Willow Wrens, that breed 

 in South Europe and North Africa, winter in the 

 Soudan, and those that breed in North and 

 Central Europe take their places for the winter. 

 There is as yet no evidence to show that any 

 individuals of these species are resident, or re- 

 main stationary in any part of their range. One 

 or two species winter in all three zones, but a few 

 individuals remain behind to breed in the ex- 

 treme north of Africa, as well as in the south 

 of Europe. These are the Wryneck, the Quail, 

 the Corn-Crake, the Ringed and Kentish Plovers, 

 and the Common Sandpiper. 



We now come to those birds that winter ex- 

 clusively in the middle zone, none of them remain- 

 ing in Europe at that season, or penetrating, as a 

 rule, below the equator. Some of these winter 

 homes of our feathered friends are indescribably 

 beautiful the fair oases in the Great Desert, 

 where food is plentiful, and the weather genial. 

 Here, among the waving date palms and pome- 

 granates, the tamarinds, oranges, and oleanders, 

 the Redstart, the Pied Flycatcher, and the Wood 

 Wren chase the flies among the foliage just as 

 happily as in the English coppices ; the Wheat- 

 ar, all northern lands forgot, fraternises with the 

 Chats and the Larks of the desert ; the Reed 



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