Alarch, 1934] Studies in Economics of Apple Orcharding 27 



one-fourth of the total available time was spent in timber work. The 

 operator planned to work in the woods whenever the weather was not 

 suitable for pruning and still not bad enough to make work in the woods 

 uncomfortable. 



Assuming that the regular hired men would be carried through the 

 year anvwav — and the operator felt he had considerable responsibility 

 toward the men — the logging operations advantageously made use of the 

 available labor. This was also true of the available horse labor, since 

 there would otherwise have been no work for the teams. 



The situation computed on the liasis of additional income and addi- 

 tional expenses would be about as follows : 

 Additional income : 



Sale of lumber and wood $2,156 



Additional expenses : 



Standing timber $1,000 



Teams (merely extra grain) 50 



Equipment (repairs, etc.) 40 



Cost of extra labor 100 



1.190 



Additional net income $966 



In other words the 2,057 hours of man labor and 1.276 hours of horse 

 labor brought $966 additional gross income. In 1928, the demand for box 

 boards was not promising, and the crew could not be used advantageously 

 in operating the lot. 



On two other farms the men and teams were used advantageously for 

 one or more months in winter in hauling logs or ice for other people. 



Cows: 



On one of the farms a few cows were kept, the number being gradual- 

 ly increased to 12 in the last year; this was about the limit for which hav 

 land and pasture were available. The hay was harvested anyway and did 

 not compete seriously with orchard work. The daily chores of milking, 

 feeding, and cleaning the stables, of course, had to be done each day, but 

 practically all of this was managed before seven o'colck in the morning 

 and after five o'clock at night. The keeping of 12 cows resulted in a 

 longer day for the operator and two of the hired men. It was necessary 

 to have somewhat more regular working hours for the operator and a 

 few of the men at peak spray periods ; but since there were six to seven 

 men on this farm, this was not difficult to manage. 



The cows did provide profitable employment in the winter, made a 

 market for the available roughage and incidentally provided dressing for 

 application to truck crops. 



There is not much question but that dairying is a profitable side line on 

 this farm. The care of cows did not compete seriously with orcharding 

 nor lead to the neglect of any standard practice. On certain farms with 

 abundance of good hay land in addition to the orchard, dairying should 

 be a good supplementary enterprise. 



Poultry: 



About 300 laying hens were kept by one operator. The poultry work 

 was done before and after the regular day except that odd jobs such as 



