vi Contents 



Machinery the cause of displacements 39 



The displaced workmen 40 



Effect of machinery upon the number of persons in 



gainful occupation classes 42 



Chap. 3. The agricultural work of former times in the towns of 



to-day 43 



Chap. 4. The influence of machinery upon the size of farms and 

 the resulting relationship between the dependent and 



independent farming classes 47 



The average acreage of all land per farm 47 



The average acreage of improved land per farm 48 



The average acreage in crops per farm 49 



The influence of machinery in the seven leading ce- 

 real-producing States 51 



The average crop acreage per farm 54 



The average crop acreage per person : 55 



Relative growth of the dependent and independent 



classes 55~56 



Average value of farms 58 



Chap. 5. Wages under hand and under machine methods of pro- 

 duction 59 



Daily wages 59 



The position of the unskilled workman 62 



Monthly wages 64 



In time of hand methods 64 



For the period 1866-1902 65 



Sympathetic variations in wage rates 68 



Chap. 6. The influence of machinery upon the life and general 



welfare of the independent farm operators 69 



The improved condition of farm workers generally.. 69 



The work of women on farms 74 



Chap. 7. -The influence of machinery upon the physical and men- 

 tal nature of man 75 



The purpose and effect of the use of machinery 75 



Effect upon population 76 



Routine work 78 



The educating influence of machinery 81 



Illiteracy and injuries due to the use of machinery in 

 North Atlantic and Southern States as shown by re- 

 turns of the Twelfth Census 83 



Chap. 8. The use of machinery and the length of the working day 84 



The purpose of the employer and the employee 84 



The best length of working day for a machine 86 



The best length of the working day for a man 86 



The conflict of interest 89 



The length of the working day on farms 90 



Economic forces as affecting conditions of employment 91 



