44 American Economic Association [842 



the past fifty years, the business of ginning cotton has 

 been largely removed from the farm; 1 and, in the report 

 of the Twelfth Census, cotton ginners are classed as 

 manufacturers. 2 The business of cotton ginning like 

 that of grinding corn and wheat, has become specialized 

 and has been removed from the farm. Its classification 

 as a line of manufactures followed, of necessity. The 

 Twelfth Census classifies butter and cheese makers as 

 manufacturers; 3 but in 1870, only the cheese makers 

 were so classified. 4 Butter was made, in 1870, on the 

 farms and as part of farm work. The development 

 of the agricultural implement industry is another in- 

 stance. The manufacture of the implements and 

 machines from being a feature of farm work, 5 has be- 

 come a distinct branch of manufactures, employing, ac- 

 cording to the returns of the Twelfth Census, during 

 the census year reported upon, an " average number 6 " 

 of 46,582 persons besides 10,046 7 ''salaried offic a b, 

 clerks, etc." 



Thus, one after another, functions which formerly 

 were considered as belonging to agriculture have been 

 differentiated from it and removed from the farm, 



1 Twelfth Census, Agriculture I, p .xxx. 



2 Twelfth Census, Population II, p. 507. 



3 Twelfth Census, Population II, p. 506. 



4 Ninth Census, Population, p. 680. 



5 Rogers : Industrial and Commercial History, p. 26. 



6 " The average number of wage-earners (men, women, and chil- 

 dren) employed during the entire year was ascertained by using 12, 

 the number of calendar months, as a divisor into the total of the 

 average numbers reported for each month." Twelfth Census : Bulle- 

 tin No. 69, p. 2. 



7 Twelfth Census, Manufactures IV, page 345. "More than two 

 hundred thousand employees are provided with regular work the year 

 round by the factories that make the implements and machinery, and 

 nearly as many more are engaged in selling, transporting and shipping 

 the products to their final destination." Geo. E. Walsh ; Machinery 

 in Agriculture," in Gassier' s Mag., Vol. 19, p. 147. 



