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culture than they do in manufactures, mechanic arts, 

 trade, and transportation. Accepting this as a fact, 

 and bearing in mind the showing above made touching 

 the matter of education and the personal injuries re- 

 sulting from the use of machinery, it is not difficult to 

 concur in the opinion of the English writer who held 

 that " the expense of ignorance is the greatest in the 

 obstructions which it presents to the introduction of 

 machinery ; " that " notwithstanding the progress of 

 machinery in agriculture, there is probably as much 

 sound practical labour-saving invention and machinery 

 unused, as there is used ; and that it is unused solely in 

 consequence of the ignorance and incompetence of the 

 work-people." 



THE USE OF MACHINERY AND THE LENGTH OF THE 

 WORKING DAY 



The length of the working-day is shorter now than 

 formerly, This shorter working-day is, however, only 

 very indirectly a consequence of the use of machinery. 

 So far as the individual employer is concerned it would 

 be quite correct to say that the shorter working-day is, 

 not so much because of, as in spite of, his use of 

 machinery. 



Every employer of labor expects to further his own 

 interests by giving employment to others. Of course it 

 may happen, and doubtless does happen occasionally, 



1 Edwin Chad wick, Esq.: Journal of the Statistical Society, Vol. 25 ? 

 p. 516. 



"The less general use of improved machinery in the South than in 

 other sections is cited in partial explanation of the slow rate of agri- 

 cultural progress in that country and is itself explained by the lack 

 of mechanical skill on the part of the negroes and by the cheapness 

 of labor, which makes it more economical to employ hand labor in 

 many operations which would be more cheaply done by machinery 

 where labor is more expensive." Rept. of Ind. Com. (1901), Vol. X, 

 p. xiv. 



