THE TEETH, v 261 



ably in substance. The next nipper all round lias grown nearly 

 to its full size, but not quite, and its edges are still sharp, with the 

 mark deep and very plain. The corner milk nippers still remain, 

 unless they have been knocked out for purposes of fraud, which 

 is sometimes done to hasten the growth of the permanent teeth, 

 and give the horse the appearance of being four or five months 

 older than he is. 



BETWEEN FOUR AND A HALF AND FIVE YEARS, the corner 

 nippers are shed, and the tush protrudes through the gum These 

 changes are shown at fig. 4. 



AT FIVE YEARS, the mouth is complete in the number of its 

 teeth; and from this date it becomes necessary to study their 

 aspect in both jaws. Fig. 5 shows the upper teeth at this age, by 

 comparing which with fig. 4 the slight growth in the half-year 



FlG. 5. UPPER NIPPERS AND TUSHES AT FIVE YEARS OLD. 



1. 1. Central nippers, with the mark 3. 3. Corner nippers, with the edges very 



still unobliterated. slightly worn. 



2. 2. Next nippers, with the mark still 4. 4. Tushes, well developed, and still show- 



plainer, ing the groove on the outside plainly. 



may be traced. In the lower teeth of the same mouth, the edges 

 of the Central cavities are much more worn away, the central 

 nipper having only a small black speck in the middle of a smooth 

 surface, while the next is much worn, and the corner teeth, though 

 showing the mark very plainly, bear evidence of having been used. 

 The tush is much grown, with its outer surface regularly convex, 

 and its inner concave, the edges being sharp and well defined. The 



