16 EVERYTHING ABOUT DOGS. 



ness in administering medicine to dogs. The administration is often attended with 

 no little difficulty and in the case of a fractious dog perhaps but half the dose is 

 thought to have entered r.nd another spoonful for luck may be given. Though we 

 are adjured to turow physic to the dogs, a little less rather than a little more is the 

 safest rule. In giving medicine to a dog that is unruly don't hurry. Proceed calm- 

 ly and quietly; get the dog in your lap, if a small one, with the body pressed be- 

 tween the knees, or if a large dog stand over his shoulders with the dog's stern 

 backed into a corner; then if a liquid is to be given, while you hold the head with 

 one hand, make a cup in the corner of the lips (flews) with the other, and have 

 some-one pour the dose into it. Hold the cup-like formation you have made with 

 the under lip, until the liquid has entered the throat, raising the head at the same 

 time. We like better the capsule form of administering medicine to dogs. If the 

 dog will not open its mouth willingly, hold him as directed above, but this time 

 cover his top jaw with the hand and squeeze the top lips under his canine teeth, 

 this action opens the mouth and prevents the dog biting, for he will not bite 

 through his own lips. Then with the other hand hold the pill or capsule between 

 the thumb and forefinger as far back on the dog's tongue as possible, and if you 

 have the chance give it an extra push with the forefinger down the throat; hold the 

 muzzle until the dog swallows. Our Dogs in some recent notes gave a useful scale 

 of weights in which different breeds are included, and as most doses are regulated 

 to the weight of dogs this information is handy. 



"Beginning with small dogs up to ten or twelve pounds we have all the toy 

 varieties. Those up to about twenty-five pounds include the terrier (except Aire- 

 dale), also, dachshunds, beagles, whippets, cocker spaniels and the smaller bull- 

 dogs and bull terriers. The next grade, not exceeding about fifty pounds, covers col 

 lies, basset-houndis, Airedales, spaniels. Then above fifty pounds we have most of 

 the sporting dogs, greyhounds, foxhounds, dalmatians, pointers, deerhounds, 

 retrievers, sheep dogs, etc.; and, finally, above 100 pounds in weight we get the 

 big breeds, St. Bernards, Great Danes, Newfoundlands and Mastiffs. 



It does not, however, follow that the best plan for apportioning doses can be 

 formed according to this list of breeds; and it is best to regulate medicinal doses to 

 a twenty-pound standard. This is most easy of calculation. We may just mention 

 here that, as there are sixty drops in a liquid teaspoonful of medicine, it becomes 

 very easy to figure out the necessary doses of any particular medicine for any 

 particular dog, since, supposing a teaspoonful to be ordered to be given to a dog 

 weighing twenty pounds, that simply means three drops for every pound the dog 

 weighs. Now. anyone provided with a small graduated measure glass, such as can 

 be obtained marked from five drops up to two teaspoon fuls, can very easily, and 

 with perfect safety, administer any medicines, which may be recommended. 



ANUS, POLYPUS IN THE See POLYPI. 



ABORTION. Strictly speaking, abortion means the expulsion of the foatus be- 

 fore it is sufficiently matured for independent life, but applied to the lower animals 

 it is generally used to mean premature parturition a well. Abortion is compari- 

 tively rare in dogs, but premature whelping, especially just a week or so before the 

 pups are due, is by no means uncommon. The causes of abortion and premature 

 parturition are various. A low diet, causing extreme poveriy when the system 

 requires extra support for the growth of the unborn pups, and the secretion of 

 milk for them afterwards, is likely to cause it; and, on the other hand, a plethoric 

 state of the body from over-feeding and want of exercise is also a likely cause, and 

 very severe exercise, jumping from a height or over fences, and, what is too com- 



