34 EVERYTHING ABOUT DOGS. 



postmortem one often discovers their existence, while during life no inconveni- 

 ence or pain was noticed but should these stones be too large to pass the ducts 

 they are very painful and a most fruitful cause of jaundice. The bile, which in 

 health passes through these ducts, becomes completely impeded in its progress, 

 and is re-absorbed by the blood-vessels entering the general system, and jaundice 

 is established. The symptoms of biliary calculi, when not completely blocking 

 th6 ducts, are excessive sickness and constipation, with pain in the abdomen. The 

 treatment should consist in allaying the pain, when the stone will frequently 

 pass in a natural way. To accomplish this object give 5 to 30 drop of tincture 

 of opium every four hours in a little water, and a soap and water enema night 

 and morning to relieve the bowels, opium having a tendency to constipate. 



Cystic calculi is the name given to stones found in the bladder; it is generally 

 supposed that their existence is extremely rare, but such is certainly not the case. 

 A single large stone is not frequently seen, but a number of small ones, especially 

 in old dogs, is not at all uncommon. In the former cases nothing short of an 

 operation can possibly effect a cure; but when one takes into consideration the 

 necessity of keeping a patient in one position after the operation it will be patent 

 to most that j|i canine practice the removal of the stone is seldom, if ever, 

 attended with success. I have seen a few attempts at the operation, but all, 

 without exception, have been dire failures. 



Small calculi will frequently pass from the bladder into the urinary passage 

 (urethra), and if small enough, out of the body through the penis; but often 

 these stones will become fixed in the urethra and the animal is unable to pass its 

 water. The bladder becomes distended, and if not relieved, rupture of the organ 

 results. When one finds a dog can not pass its water, a catheter shau-ld be pro- 

 cured, a little olive oil or vasaJine rubbed upon it, and the instrument inserted at 

 the tip of the penis. Of course, the animal must be placed upon its back. Insert 

 the catheter very gently, and gradually pass it into the bladder. If there is a 

 small calculus in the urethra the passage of the catheter will be obstructed, and 

 when this is so, no extreme force must be used, or a very extensive injury may 

 result. A little gentle and prolonged pressure may return the stone into the blad- 

 der, and so allow the urine to pass. If the stone can not be returned in this 

 attempt, inject into the passage of the penis a little olive or salad oil, and repeat 

 the operation with the ' catheter. 



Calculi sometimes efcist in the kidneys and may pass into the bladder, thence 

 through the urinary passage, and so out of the body; but at otfier time they 

 become too large to leave the organ and cause intense pain and subsequent death. 

 The symptoms are first stiffness across the loins, accompanied by pain when an 

 attempt is made to move; the urine is passed in small quantities, and is frequently 

 indeed, often tinged with blood. In these cases it is a matter of relieving the 

 pain, with the hope that the stone is small enough to gain an exit by the penis. 

 To relieve the pain give 5 to 30 drops of tincture of opium about every four 

 hours, and apply hot flannels to the loins. A dose of oil to relieve the bowels is 

 beneficial, as any straining 'in passing the faeces would increase the pain. It is 

 well to leave- these cases to the veterinary surgeon. 



CUTS, TEARS OR WOUNDS. The first thing to be doro is to stop the bleed- 

 ing, which can generally be done by simple pressure with tl .mgers, or by a few 

 folds of lint pressed firmly "against the cut. Unless a co:i:iderable artery has 

 been severed, these means will generally be successful, but if such is the case, 

 a ligature will be tha cure. After bleeding is partially or entirely stopped, 



