100 EVOLUTION 



known anthropoid apes (gorilla, chimpanzee, 

 orang and gibbon) , but from a stock common 

 to them and to him; therefore it is likely that 

 the human stock had diverged before the 

 time when the anthropoid apes are known 

 to have been established as a distinct family, 

 namely in the Miocene. 



It is possible that man arose as a mutation, 

 as an anthropoid genius in short, but the 

 factors that led to his emergence are all 

 unknown. We must remember, however, 

 that the stock of Primates to which he is 

 zoologically affiliated is marked by great in- 

 telligence, and that we find illustrated 

 amongst them some very significant habits 

 of walking half erect, of using sticks and 

 stones, of building shelters, of living in fami- 

 lies, of co-operating in bands, and of talking 

 a good deal. The anthropoid apes are not 

 social, but many monkeys are, and there 

 can be little doubt that man was from the 

 first distinctively social. "Man did not 

 make society; society made man." 



The uncertainties as to man's pedigree 

 and antiquity are still great, and it is unde- 

 niably difficult to discover the factors in 

 his emergence and ascent. Therefore, while 

 holding firmly to the general conclusion to 

 which the facts all point, we do well to treat 

 the problem with all reverence, especially 



