464 EVOLUTION AND ANIMAL LIFE 



It is stated that in the discussion at Leyden, where Dr. 

 Du Bois's specimens were first exhibited, "three of the twelve 

 experts present held that the fossil remains belonged to a low 

 race of man; three declared them to be those of a manlike ape 

 of great size, the rest maintained that they belonged to an 



FIG. 295. Cranium of Pithecanthropus erectus. (From W eltall u. Menschheit.) 



intermediate form which directly connected primitive man 

 with the anthropoid apes/' (Haeckel.) 



Of the several early relics which are distinctly human, the 

 Neanderthal skull, found by Professor Schaffhausen in a lime- 

 stone cave in the Neanderthal, near Diisseldorf, is the most 

 notable. This skull represents the most primitive and least 

 specialized of any skull type known to be distinctly human. 

 It has therefore been recently named as a distinct species of 

 man, Homo neanderthalensis. 



According to Huxley, this type of man, while certainly 

 simple, primitive, and doubtless extremely barbarous is, never- 

 theless, wholly human. It shows no distinctly pithecoid char- 

 acters, and it belongs clearly to the genus Homo. 



Another skull of great antiquity comes from a cave at 

 Engis in the valley of the Meuse, and is known as the Engis 

 skull. This was found associated with bones of the mammoth 

 and of the woolly rhinoceros. This also is extremely primitive, 



