CONTENTS 



PART II 



PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY ILLUSTRATED BY TYPES 

 OF PLANTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



VIII. STUDIES OF SEED-PLANTS ....... 146 



Seeds and Seedlings 146 



Roots of Seed-Plants 156 



Stems of Seed-Plants 163 



Leaves of Seed- Plants 188 



Flowers of Seed-Plants 196 



Seed-Plants without True Flowers : Gymnosperms . . 213 



Fruits of Seed-Plants .216 



Seed-Plants Reproducing without Flowers . . . 225 



General Notes on Seed-Plants 228 



IX. STUDIES OF SPORE-PLANTS 232 



I. Higher Spore-Plants Ferns, Mosses . . . 233 



II. Lower Spore- Plants Algae, Fungi .... 245 



III. Bacteria 276 



PAET III 



PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY ILLUSTRATED BY TYPES 

 OF ANIMALS 



X. THE SIMPLEST ANIMALS : PROTOZOA ..... 300 

 XI. THE SIMPLEST MANY-CELLED ANIMALS : PORIFERA AND 



CCELENTERATA ........ 320 



XII. THE WORM-LIKE ANIMALS 340 



XIII. THE ECHINODERMS 355 



XIV. THE ARTHROPODS 35C 



Crustaceans ......... 358 



Arachnids . . .376 



Myriapods 379 



Insects 380 



XV. THE SHELL-ANIMALS : MOLLUSCA ... . 405 



