138 APPLIED BIOLOGY 



127. Summary of Animal Classification. Reversing the 

 above order of presentation, the animal kingdom is composed 

 of divisions or phyla, each phylum 01 classes, a class of orders, 

 an order of families, a family of genera, a genus of species, a 

 species of individuals. And sometimes there are varieties 

 of individuals in a species ; e.g., various well-known breeds 

 or varieties of dogs in the dog species. 



The full classification of a bulldog is as follows : Kingdom, 

 animal ; phylum or division, Vertebrata (vertebrates) ; class, 

 Mammalia (mammals) ; order, Ferae (carnivores) ; family, 

 Canidse (dog family) ; genus, Canis ; species, familiaris ; 

 variety, bulldog ; and individual dogs, which are not exactly 

 alike. j 



128. Summary of Plant Classification. In a similar way 

 botanists have classified plants into groups. The primary 

 divisions of the plant kingdom are into lowest plants, moss- 

 like plants, fern-like plants, and seed-plants. (For the 

 technical names see 133.) Taking the division of seed- 

 plants, it is subdivided ( 209) into gymnosperms (flowers 

 in form of cones, like pines) and angiosperms (with true 

 flowers). Taking the higher group, the angiosperms, it is 

 subdivided into the classes of monocotyledons and dicotyle- 

 dons ( 141). Each of these classes is composed of orders, 

 which are subdivided into families (e.g., composite family, 

 207), families into genera (e.g., Viola, 124), genera into 

 species, and sometimes species into varieties (see long lists 

 of varieties of pansy species in seed-catalogues). It is evi- 

 dent that the general plan of classification is essentially the 

 same for both animals and plants. 



129. Classification Based on Resemblances. It is evi- 

 dent from the foregoing illustrations that the classification 

 of animals and plants is based on the fact that there are 

 certain resemblances in structure. Thus all vertebrates are 

 alike in having a backbone and some other structures not 

 found in lower animals ; all mammals are alike in having not 



