144 



APPLIED BIOLOGY 



which few except zoologists have occasion to examine. The 

 most common animals belong in the ten phyla named above. 



The subdivision of most of the above phyla into classes 

 is given at ends of the chapters in Part III of this book. 



Phyla I-IX inclusive are often called Invertebrates or 

 backboneless animals. 



PLANTS 



(There are four grand divisions or primary groups of plants). 



Division I. Thallophyta (simplest plants). 



(1) Algss (with chlorophyll). Examples : sea- 



weeds, many minute aquatic plants. 



(2) Fungi (without chlorophyll). Examples : 



molds, mushrooms. 



Division II. Bryophyta. Examples : liverworts and mosses. 

 Division III. Pteridophyta. Examples : ferns, horsetails, lyco- 



pods. 

 Division IV. Spermaphyta (or Phanerogamia) 



(1) Gymnospermae. Examples : cycads and coni- 



fers. 



(2) Angiospermse. 



(a) Monocotyledones. Examples : palms, 



grasses, lilies, orchids. 

 (6) Dicotyledones. Examples : most of the 



common trees, vegetables, and "flowers." 



The plants in Divisions I, II, III, are often termed "Spore- 

 Plants," "Flowerless Plants," or " Cryptogams " ; while those of IV 

 are "Seed-Plants" or "Flowering-Plants." 



