456 APPLIED BIOLOGY 



than to other animals. (5) Man belongs to the human family, 

 the genus Homo, and the one species sapiens (a word meaning 

 wise, and referring to the fact that man's intellectual develop- 

 ment is characteristic and markedly distinguishes the human 

 species from all other animals). In fact, it is in the highly 

 developed functioning of the nervous system alone that man 

 stands distinctly differentiated from the highest apes and 

 other animals. This, however, is the proper field of the 

 science of psychology (the study of mind or mental phenom- 

 ena), which should be taken up in college or in private read- 

 ing after graduation from high school. So far as biology is 

 directly concerned, it simply has to take into consideration 

 the demonstrated fact that man and other animals are re- 

 markably similar in structure and functions. This similarity 

 is fortunate, for it makes possible the application to human 

 biology of many facts which were first learned by the study of 

 various animals. (6) Finally, the human species has five 

 varieties or races, Caucasian, American Indian, Mongolian, 

 Malay, Ethiopian, each with certain peculiarities. (Look 

 up these races in any advanced textbook of geography, or in 

 an unabridged dictionary, and report briefly concerning 

 their characteristics and geographical distribution.) 



Study of the customs, character, history, and institutions 

 of races of men is the science of ethnology. The science deal- 

 ing with the laws of human society is sociology. General 

 study of man, combining facts of ethnology, biology, psy- 

 chology, and sociology, is anthropology. The following brief 

 definitions in parentheses will help the memory : psychology 

 (science of mind) ; sociology (science of society) ; ethnology 

 (science of human races) ; anthropology (science of man). 

 Each of these lines of study of human life is now so highly 

 developed that special books are necessary; but they all 

 are founded on biology to such an extent that a knowledge 

 of that science is important for the reader of any of the 

 special sciences dealing with man. 



