LUMBAR AND CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. 



Fig. 3. 



with the ribs. Behind each, at its base, is a small process pointing down- 



wards, which corresponds with the inferior tubercles of the dorsal transverse 



processes, and is also called the acces- 



sory process. The transverse processes 



of the fifth lumbar vertebra are shorter 



and thicker than those above, and ars 



usually slanted a little upwards. 



Fig. 3. THIKD LUMBAR VERTEBRA. ^ 



A, from above; B, from the right side. 

 1, the body; 2, the pedicle and inter- 

 vertebral notch ; 3, the lamina ; 4, the 

 vertebral ring, somewhat triangular ; 5, 

 the spinous process ; 6, transverse process ; 

 7, 7', superior and inferior articulating 

 processes ; e, the maminillary tubercle, ap- 

 parently on the superior articulating pro- 

 cess; /, the accessory tubercle, between 

 the articulating and transverse processes. 



The articulating processes are thick 

 and strong. Their articular surfaces 

 are placed vertically and curved so 

 as to lie in the arc of a circle. Those 

 of the superior pair, concave, look 

 backwards and inwards ; those of the 

 inferior, convex, look forwards and 

 outwards. The superior pair are fur- 

 ther apart than the inferior, and em- 

 brace the infeiior pair of the vertebra above them. From each superior 

 articular process a tubercle projects backwards, which corresponds with 

 the internal tubercles of the dorsal 



transverse processes, and is also F5 S- 4 - 



called the mammillary process. 7 . 



The ring is large and triangular, 

 or widely lozenge-shaped. 



Fig. 4. Two LOWER DORSAL AND TWO 



UPPER LUMBAR VERTEBRA, ^ 

 with portions of the eleventh and twelfth 

 ribs of the right side : viewed from behind, 

 chiefly to show the relations of the tians- 

 verse processes and adjacent tubercles. 

 1, body of the eleventh dorsal vertebra ; 



5, spinous process of the second lumbar ; 



6, costal tubercle of the transverse pro- 

 cess; 7, 7', superior and inferior articu- 

 lating processes ; e, mamrnillary, and /, 

 accessory tubercle ; c, c, two ribs. These 

 indications are placed only on the alternate 

 vertebrae to avoid crowding the figure. 



CERVICAL VERTEBRA. 



The cervical vertebrae are seven 

 in number. The first and second 

 are so peculiar in form that they 

 require a separate description. The 

 following characters belong to the five lower vertebrae. 



The body is small, and broader from side to side than from before back 



T- 



